An air force official said all six people on board the executive jet were killed when the plane disintegrated soon after leaving the runway at about 3.30pm local time.
"The plane rose and as it was in mid-take off, it disintegrated," the air force spokesman said. The aircraft was returning to Buenos Aires.
The military officials had been in neighbouring Bolivia as a support team to a humanitarian mission organised by the Argentine government. No government officials were among the dead.