The BBC's flagship political program based its claims on an advanced copy of the Council of Europe's report into the matter, which it said it had seen.
The report by Swiss lawmaker, Dick Marty, is said to implicate 14 European governments in the practice, which involves the transfer of security suspects to a third country for questioning.
Human rights groups have criticised the process for exposing detainees to the risk of torture.
According to the BBC, Mr Marty is said to have concluded that rendition is, for Europe, based on an "utterly alien legal approach" and that a "spider's web" of rendition flights had criss-crossed Europe.
Countries including Spain, Turkey, Germany and Cyprus provided "staging posts" for rendition operations, while Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Britain were stop-off points for US Central Intelligence Agency flights, the report said.
Prisoners have also been captured for rendition in Italy, Sweden, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia, according to the report.
Poland and Romania
The BBC said Mr Marty's most serious charges are levelled against Poland and Romania, where he has reportedly unearthed "new evidence to strengthen suspicions that CIA secret prisons were or are established on their soil".
Both governments have strenuously denied the existence of such "black sites".
"It is only through the intentional or grossly negligent collusion of the
European partners that this 'web' was able to spread also over Europe," the report is said to state.
The BBC said Marty's evidence was based on flight plans filed with European air traffic controllers. The data reportedly showed a "clear pattern" of "rendition circuits", or specific missions for the transfer of prisoners.
Trips were logged not only to Romania but from Aghanistan to Poland, it added.
The BBC illustrated its item on the subject with an interview with Muhammad Bashmilah, a Yemeni who believes he was one of those subjected to rendition.
He told the broadcaster he was captured in Jordan in October 2003, flown to US custody in Afghanistan and then to a secret prison in an unknown location.
He was said to have been held in a three-metre by four-metre cell, shackled to the floor by a 110-link chain and kept in solitary confinement for 19 months before being released.
Bashmilah was likely to have been held in north-eastern Europe after putting his recollections, particularly of temperatures, evening prayer and sunset times, to a scientist from the Britain's Royal Observatory, the BBC said.