The Russians were among 25 people who died on Sunday in a wave of killings and bombings across Iraq.
Mr Maliki told MPs his reconciliation plan includes granting amnesty only to suspected insurgents in US or Iraqi government custody who had committed no crimes.
Those with "bloodied hands" would be prosecuted and punished, he added.
"The plan is open to all those who want to enter the political process to build their country and save their people, as long as they did not commit crimes," Mr Maliki told MPs.
"To those who want to reconcile, we extend our hand with an olive branch to build our nation. To those who insist on aggression, terror and killing, we will confront them with firmness to protect our people."
The prime minister said a special council would be created to implement and oversee the 24-point plan, which was first floated on June 6.
Its members would include representatives of the three branches of government -- the presidency, parliament and the cabinet -- as well as independent, religious and tribal figures.
It would hold a series of conferences to promote the plan's goals.
"Those eligible for the amnesty must condemn violence and declare their allegiance to the national government," Mr Maliki said, reading one of the plan's points.
The White House has welcomed the Iraqi prime minister's plan but several senators voiced strong misgivings about the idea of amnestying anyone who had been involved in fighting US-led coalition troops.
Mr Maliki stressed that the aim of his plan is to draw those parts of Iraqi society that had been alienated by the 2003 invasion back into the political mainstream, an allusion to the Sunni Arab minority that dominated Saddam Hussein's regime and all previous Iraqi governments.
Russians killed
Meanwhile, an Iraqi insurgent coalition led by Al-Qaeda said it had executed four Russian diplomats held hostage in Iraq, in an internet statement accompanied by pictures.
"We present the implementation of Allah's rule against the Russian diplomats to comfort the believers," said the statement posted by the Mujahedeen Shura Council in Iraq, an umbrella group incorporating al-Qaeda in Iraq.
The video reportedly showed one man being beheaded and another shot dead. It also showed the body of a third man, however did not show the fate of the fourth hostage.
The men were seized in Baghdad on June 3, and the insurgents said on Wednesday that its Islamic court had ruled the diplomats should be executed after Moscow failed to heed a 48-hour ultimatum to pull out of Chechnya and free Muslim prisoners from Russian jails.
In other violence in Iraq, at least 21 Iraqis were killed and more than 60 wounded in rebel attacks, including a bombing in a busy Baghdad market.
Meanwhile, a report in The New York Times newspaper said the top US commander in Iraq, General George Casey, foresees a major US troop reduction by the end of 2007, with the first cuts to take place in September.
Japan started withdrawing military vehicles from Iraq as it begins the pullout of its 600 troops from the southern province of Muthanna.
Japan is ending its first overseas military deployment to a combat zone since World War II after Mr Maliki announced Iraqi security forces would take over the patrolling of the province.