It was the eighth time that Russia has used its veto power at the UN Security Council to block action directed at its ally in Damascus.
Britain, France and the United States put forward the measure in response to the suspected sarin gas attack in Khan Sheikhun on April 4 that left 87 dead, including 31 children.
China, another veto-holding power at the council, abstained in the vote, as did Kazakhstan and Ethiopia.
Bolivia voted against the measure and 10 other council members supported it.
Russia imposed its veto as US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said after talks in Moscow that there was a "low level of trust" between the United States and Russia.
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