Assyrian Australia explained: Australia Explained: What actually happened on January 26?

January 26 is one of the most debated dates in Australia’s history. Often described as the nation’s birthday, the day marks neither the formal founding of the colony nor the creation of the Commonwealth. Instead, it reflects a layered history shaped by colonisation, political decisions, and ongoing First Nations resistance. Understanding what actually happened on January 26 reveals why the date is experienced so differently across the country.

MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA - JANUARY 26: Proud Gunai and Gunditjmara woman Meriki Onus takes part in the Invasion Day Rally on January 26, 2025 in Melbourne, Australia. Australia Day, formerly known as Foundation Day, is the official national day of Australia and is celebrated annually on January 26 to commemorate the arrival of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788. Many Indigenous Australians refer to the day as 'Invasion Day' and there is a small but growing movement to change the date amid broader debate on the day's significance. Credit: Darrian Traynor/Getty Images

Key Points

• The First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 18 January 1788, not January 26
• Australia was formally founded on 7 February 1788, not on January 26.
• January 26 has long been a site of protest and truth-telling for First Nations peoples.

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