Hundreds of militants linked to IS have returned to Indonesia in the past year, and hundreds more are believed to be trying to flee the Middle East.
It makes finding a way to bring them back into society as important as ever in the world’s most populous Islamic nation.
And while the government is doing what it can, fledgling independent programs are also showing signs of success.
Three days each week, Ahmad Azhar and Salman Al Faluty wait tables at an unremarkable-looking cafe in the bustling Indonesian city of Yogyakarta.
But the men have pasts that are remarkable, both having spent several years in prison for terrorism-related crimes.
And the café – named Goendrang -- doubles as a home-grown, so-called "de-radicalisation" program.
The 28-year-old Azhar spent five years in “super-max,” the maximum-security jail on Java’s notorious prison island Nusa Kembungen.
He had tried to make a bomb after conducting research on the internet in 2012.
He says his target was the United States embassy in Jakarta, but authorities foiled the Jemaah Islamiyah-linked plot and Azhar was jailed.
The 30-year-old Al Faluty was jailed for engaging in military-style training with Indonesia’s main militant group, JAD and, before his arrest, was bound for the battlefields of Syria.
Both men are now participating in a program teaching them hospitality and business skills at Gandroeng.
