Russia says over 60 Syrian troops were killed in the raid the United States says was intended to target self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS) fighters in the country's north-east.
U-S, British, Australian and Danish aircraft were involved in the bombardment.
Syria and Russia say the air strikes allowed I-S to gain ground in the region.
But Senator Payne says Australia would not take any action that would allow the group - also referred to as Daesh - to advance.
"Our committment is to eliminate the threat of Daesh, both in the region, to address its matastisising around the world and to address the threat it poses to us here in Australia. That means participating in what is a very important international coalition to do that."
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