He's introduced a new requirement that would expand background checks for buyers.
It requires all gun sellers to be licensed and to keep a record of their sales.
The move is opposed by Republicans, who have accused Mr Obama of overstepping his constitutional authority to force his policies on the American people.
In a speech at the White House, Mr Obama made a passionate plea for a sense of urgency on the issues, and became emotional as he spoke about a massacre at Sandy Hook Primary school in 2012.
"And for every family who never imagined that their loved one would be taken from our lives by a bullet from a gun. Every time I think about those kids, it gets me mad. And by the way it happens on the streets of Chicago every day. :
Mr Obama also called for new technology such as fingerprint identification, to improve gun safety.
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