Hundreds of thousands of Catalans took to the streets on Sunday to demand their region break away from Spain, pressuring pro-independence leaders to unite and iron out differences over their secession plan.
Crowds waved red and yellow striped Catalan flags in Barcelona and four other cities under bright sunshine on the region's national day, the "Diada", which marks the conquest of Barcelona by Spain's King Philip V in 1714.
Local police estimated that 800,000 people had taken part but Spain's central government, which fiercely opposes Catalan independence, put turnout at around 370,000 strong.
Many wore white T-shirts with the slogan "Ready" in Catalan, highlighting their belief that the northwestern region of 7.5 million people was already prepared to be its own country.
"This is the moment to stand united for the 'yes' to the Catalan Republic," Jordi Sanchez, the head of the Catalan National Assembly, a pro-independence organisation which co-organised the protest, told the rally near the regional parliament.
"We are impatient," he added.
"Politicians say we are close but we want to see it happen now."
The run-up to the protest has coincided with a rift between separatist parties just as they target independence for the region in mid-2017.
In the coming months "critical decisions" regarding Catalonia's future will have to be taken, the head of the regional government of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, told a meeting with foreign journalists before the rallies.
Catalan separatists have tried in vain for years to win approval from Spain's central government to hold an independence referendum like the one held in 2014 in Scotland in Britain which resulted in a "no" vote.
After winning a clear majority in Catalonia's regional parliament for the first time ever last year, secessionist parties approved a plan to achieve independence in mid-2017.
But the plan ran into trouble in June when Puigdemont's coalition government lost the support of the tiny anti-capitalist party CUP which has the hardest line on independence. As a result it lost its clear majority in the assembly.
'See it happen now'
The pro-independence camp hopes Sunday's mass protest will reunite and breathe new life into their campaign, which is moving along more slowly than many of its supporters would like.
"Politicians say we are close but we want to see it happen now," said 60-year-old researcher Xavier Vallve at the rally in Barcelona.
Carmen Santos, a 58-year-old civil servant, said she hoped this "Diada would be the last before independence."
Rallies were also held in the southern city of Tarragona, Berga in the centre, Salt in the north and Lleida in the east.
Catalans have nurtured a separate identity for centuries, but an independence movement surged recently as many became disillusioned with limitations on the autonomy they gained in the late 1970s after the Francisco Franco dictatorship, which had suppressed Catalan nationalism.
A street demonstration calling for the independence of Catalonia, in Barcelona, Spain, Sunday, September 11, 2016. (AAP) Source: AAP
Spain's recent economic downturn exacerbated the situation, leaving many resenting the amount of taxes they pay to the central government in Madrid to subsidise poorer regions.
Since 2012, major demonstrations in favour of independence have been held in Catalonia every year on its national day on September 11.
In 2013, hundreds of thousands of Catalans draped in blue, red and yellow separatist banners held hands in a 400-kilometre (250-mile) human chain across the region while in 2014 and 2015 demonstrators held massive rallies in Barcelona.
Among the political leaders who took part were Puigdemont, his vice president, Oriol Junqueras, and also Barcelona’s popular mayor, Ada Colau, who is ambiguous about independence.
Her far-left allies, Podemos, are the only large national party backing a referendum while campaigning against independence.
Puigdemont urged Spain's central government to address Catalan concerns.
"Catalonia is the main political challenge that Spain faces," he said.
