China has summoned the US Ambassador after a US Navy patrol near Chinese-made islands in the South China Sea.
China's Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Yesui summoned US Ambassador Max Baucus, telling him that the patrol was "extremely irresponsible," the Foreign Ministry said. It earlier said the USS Lassen "illegally" entered waters near islands and reefs in the Spratlys without the Chinese government's permission.
"China will resolutely respond to any country's deliberate provocations," the ministry said in a statement that gave no details on precisely where the US ship sailed.
A Chinese guided-missile destroyer and a naval patrol ship shadowed and gave warnings to the US warship "according to law", China's Defense Ministry said. It said the military would take necessary steps to protect the country's security.
The US patrol was a "coercive action that seeks to militarize the South China Sea region" and an "abuse" of freedom of navigation under international law, it added.
The USS Lassen's patrol was the most significant US challenge yet to the 12-nautical-mile territorial limits China claims around artificial islands it has built up in the Spratly archipelago as Beijing exercises its growing maritime power.
Washington's move followed months of deliberation by the administration of President Barack Obama and could ratchet up tension in one of the world's busiest shipping lanes and increase strains in US-China relations.
A US defense official said the Lassen also went within 12-mile limits of features in the disputed sea claimed by Vietnam and US treaty ally, the Philippines. They said such "freedom-of-navigation" patrols were expected to become more frequent.
The US destroyer sailed within 12 nautical miles of Subi Reef, an artificial island built up by China in the past year.
US Defense Secretary Ash Carter on Tuesday confirmed the patrol. Carter, testifying to the Senate Armed Services Committee, initially would only say the US Navy had conducted operations in the South China Sea. But under questioning from lawmakers, he confirmed that the USS Lassen had passed within 12 miles of a Chinese artificial island.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang later told a daily briefing that if the United States continued to "create tensions in the region," China might conclude it had to "increase and strengthen the building up of our relevant abilities".
Lu did not elaborate, except to say he hoped it did not come to that, but his comments suggested China could further boost its military presence in the South China Sea.
Safe distance
The US defense official said the Lassen was followed at a safe distance by a Chinese ship and no incidents were reported during the 72-mile passage.
"I would expect that this becomes a regular operation in the South China Sea," the official said. "This type of operation shouldn't be seen as provocative."
The official said the Lassen had been followed for weeks by Chinese vessels before the patrol.
Subi and nearby Mischief Reef were submerged at high tide before China began a dredging project to turn them into islands in 2014.
Under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, 12-nautical mile limits cannot be set around man-made islands built on previously submerged reefs.
Pentagon officials say the United States regularly conducts freedom-of-navigation operations around the world to challenge excessive maritime claims.
"We're a global nation and we need to be able to operate where we're legally allowed to operate," said the US official.
"That's why you do these kind of missions."
China traveled within 12 nautical miles of the US controlled Aleutian Island about six weeks ago, the official said.
"Nations routinely come within those 12 nautical miles. If you couldn't do innocent passage, it would make transiting by sea really cost-prohibitive and difficult," the official said.
On Monday, White House spokesman Josh Earnest said the United States had made clear to China the importance of free flow of commerce in the South China Sea.
The US Navy last went within 12 miles of Chinese-claimed territory in the Spratlys in 2012.
China claims most of the South China Sea, through which more than $5 trillion of world trade passes every year. Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Taiwan have rival claims.
The Philippines, a vocal critic of China's activities in the South China Sea, welcomed the US action.
China's ambitions
A range of security experts have said Washington's freedom-of-navigation patrols would have to be regular to be effective, given Chinese ambitions to project power deep into maritime Southeast Asia and beyond.
"By using a guided-missile destroyer, rather than smaller vessels ... they are sending a strong message," said Ian Storey, of Singapore's Institute of South East Asian Studies. "They have also said, significantly, that there will be more patrols – so it really now is up to China how it will respond."
Some experts have said China would likely resist attempts to make such US actions routine. China's navy could for example try to block or attempt to surround US vessels, risking an escalation.
Zhu Feng, executive director of the China Centre for Collaborative Studies of the South China Sea at Nanjing University, said he expected Beijing to limit its response as it ultimately did not want confrontation. "Both sides will be quite verbal but real actions, I hope, will show signs of exercising restraint," Zhu said.
Washington worries that China has built up its outposts with the aim of extending its military reach in the South China Sea. China says they will have mainly civilian uses and undefined defense purposes.
The patrol was carried out just weeks before a series of Asia-Pacific summits that Obama and President Xi Jinping were expected to attend.
Xi surprised US officials after a meeting with Obama in Washington last month by saying that China had "no intention to militarize" the islands.
Even before that, however, satellite photographs had shown the construction of three military-length airstrips by China in the Spratlys, including one each on Subi and Mischief reefs.
Some US officials have said that the plan for patrols was aimed in part at testing Xi's statement on militarization.
