Bek Gillespie's twin daughter Abigail had her first serious allergic reaction to egg as a baby.
Born in 2022, the family was on holiday the following year when she experienced a reaction at a restaurant.
At first, Gillespie said she didn't know what to expect.
"I'd never seen anyone experience an allergic reaction before. It was quite scary," she told SBS News, recalling taking Abigail to a chemist, and then to hospital.
"Since then, it has impacted every part of our daily life."
Abigail, now aged three, lives with egg anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction — it can be life-threatening and must always be treated as a medical emergency, according to Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia.
As a parent, Gillespie said she carries her child's allergy, and the possible risks it poses, "everywhere you go".
"You have to read every single label. You have to ask all the questions … even the simple things like going out for dinner, birthday parties, travelling. It takes a lot of careful and considered planning," she said, adding situations like childcare, where she is relying on others being educated and prepared, can also cause anxiety.
When it comes to receiving help, Gillespie was "desperate for guidance" at the time of her daughter's first reaction, but said she felt "a bit dismissed".
When Abigail (left) had her first serious reaction as a baby, her mother Bek said she didn't know where to turn. Source: Supplied / Bek Gillespie
"There are so few specialists in Canberra [where we live], so the wait lists are long, and it is quite expensive as well," she said.
While anaphylaxis is the most serious form of reaction, anyone with an allergy to food, insects, medications or latex could be at risk. And Gillespie is not alone in her experience as a parent.
Almost one in three Australians now live with allergic disease that is leading to "mounting costs" and "unprecedented demand for services," according to a new report published on Wednesday.
This number has doubled since the last national snapshot in 2007, costing $18.9 billion in financial losses and $44.6 billion in non-financial impacts last year, the Deloitte Access Economics report says.
'Best national snapshot we've had date'
The report was developed with the National Allergy Council (NAC) — a peak body — and the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA). It also uses research from the National Allergy Centre of Excellence (NACE), which is another research body.
Australia's response to allergic disease is led by NAC and NACE.
Professor Kirsten Perrett, director of NACE and an allergy group leader at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, said Australia lacks large datasets to track the prevalence of allergic disease across life spans.
She said the new Deloitte report uses a number of sources to offer "the best national snapshot that we've had to date".
An estimated 8.2 million Australians lived with allergic disease in 2024, up from 4.1 million reported in 2007. Source: SBS News
This total number is up from 4.1 million (or 19.6 per cent of) Australians when the last national snapshot was reported in 2007, Perrett said.
"Now more than ever, we understand the prevalence of allergic disease nationally, and it's quite a frightening figure that we have almost one in three Australians affected by allergic disease."
For Maria Said, co-chair of the NAC and chief executive of Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia, this prevalence is "significant" but expected.
"It's not a surprise to those working in [the sector] because the number of people reaching out and the demand for improved care and access to care is very real," she said.
The most common conditions include hay fever (allergic rhinitis), eczema (atopic dermatitis), asthma, food allergy and drug allergy.
Food allergy and eczema tend to be more common in young children, with hay fever and drug allergy being more common among adults.
What is behind rising allergy rates?
Perrett said environmental changes, like pollution, and modern lifestyle factors, such as sanitisation, are possible drivers — while growing awareness could be prompting earlier diagnoses.
"We know that genes and our genetic makeup are a factor. But it is the environment that has changed so significantly," she said.
Perrett said Australia is known as the "allergy capital of the world", which is largely based on high food allergy rates.
"We do have the highest rates of food allergy in childhood anywhere, globally, and that prevalence is about 10 per cent of all infants."
She said the broader rise in allergic disease is not uncommon in other Western countries.
Far-reaching impacts costing billions
The report estimated the total financial cost of allergic disease in 2024 was $18.9 billion, based on health system costs, productivity and efficiency losses.
It measured a further $44.6 billion in non-financial costs, which refers to intangible losses in well-being brought about by an illness. It encompasses factors such as pain, suffering, reduced quality of life and impact on daily activities.
"It's not just the financial burden; it's the social costs as well that impact a person," Said said.
The estimated financial cost of allergic disease in 2024 was $18.9 billion. Source: SBS News
Perrett believes allergic disease "has not been given the attention it deserves".
"This report shows that allergic disease is a hugely significant problem for Australians, affecting one in three. That's almost every household."
Perrett and Said would like to see sustained investment in the sector.
"Our hope is that they [the government] will invest in further funding of the NAC and NACE, so that we can continue to improve access to care, accelerate further research and increase safety in the community," Said said.
A spokesperson for the federal health department told SBS News the government acknowledges the significant health, social, and economic costs associated with allergic disease, as highlighted in the report.
"The government is providing funding of $26.9 million to the National Allergy Council and National Allergy Centre of Excellence to address the significant and increasing impact of allergic disease and anaphylaxis in Australia."
