Fighter jets swooped low over Cairo on Sunday in an attempt by the military to show its control of a city beset by looting, armed robbery and anti-government protests.
Minutes before the start of a 4pm curfew, at least two jets appeared and made multiple passes over downtown, including a central square where thousands of protesters were calling for the departure of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
Police could be seen returning to some streets nearly two days after virtually disappearing, creating a security vacuum only partially filled by the presence of army troops backed by tanks at key sites around this city of 18 million people.
Jails attacked, inmates freed
After days of escalating chaos, gangs of armed men attacked at least four jails across Egypt before dawn on Sunday, helping to free hundreds of Muslim militants and thousands of other inmates. Gangs of young men with guns and large sticks smashed cars and robbed people in Cairo.
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The army sent hundreds more troops and armoured vehicles onto the streets. Truckloads of hundreds of police poured back into Cairo neighbourhoods and took up positions on the streets.
As the curfew approached, the jets roared over the Nile and toward Tahrir Square in the heart of Cairo, where thousands of protesters have gathered for five straight days to demand the end of an administration they blame for poverty, unemployment, widespread corruption and police brutality.
The jets made several passes over the square, dropping lower every time. They keep getting closer every time.
"This is terrorism, they are trying to scare the people with the planes and the tanks. They are trying to make people afraid and leave the square," said Gamal Ahmed, a 40-year-old air-conditioning technician.
Foreigners evacuated
The US Embassy in Cairo told its citizens in Egypt to consider leaving the country as soon as possible, and said it had authorised the voluntary departure of dependents and non-emergency employees, a display of Washington's escalating concern about the stability of its closest Arab ally.
Turkey was evacuating about 750 citizens and the Chinese government warned against travel to Egypt. Private tour groups and corporations began trying to evacuate their clients and expatriate employees. But dozens of flights were cancelled and delayed and crowds filled Cairo International Airport, desperate and unable to leave.
At least one Nile-side shopping mall in Cairo was on fire after being looted the previous day. Banks were closed on orders from Egypt's Central Bank, and the stock market was shut on what is normally the first day of the trading week. Markets across the Middle East dropped on fears about the instability's damage to Egypt's economy, and the region's.
Army dilemma
A broader and tougher military role could be welcomed by increasingly fearful Egyptians but would run a risk of appearing to place the army on the side of the regime and antagonising protesters.
The demonstrators from all segments of Egyptian society have taken to the streets for nearly a week calling for Mubarak, 82, to step down. Mubarak named his intelligence chief, former army general Omar Suleiman, to the new role of vice president on Saturday, a move that perpetuated the overriding role of military men in Egyptian politics.
Ahmed Shafiq, the outgoing civil aviation minister and Mubarak fellow former air force officer, was named prime minister.
At Tahrir Square, two military armoured vehicles blocked the entrance, and soldiers working with civilian protester volunteers were checking IDs and bags of people arriving to join the marches. The soldiers and volunteers said they were searching for weapons but also looking to make sure plain clothes police did not enter the square.
State Egyptian TV showed footage of Mubarak during what it said was a visit to the country's military command centre. Mubarak looked sombre and fatigued in his first public appearance since he addressed the nation late Friday to promise reform and announce the dismissal of his Cabinet.
The brief footage appeared designed to project an image of normalcy.
An unprecedented internet cut off remained in place after the country's four primary Internet providers stopped moving data in and out of the country early Friday in an apparent move by authorities to disrupt the organisation of demonstrations.
Egyptian mobile networks were back up but with text-messaging widely disrupted.
US President Barack Obama met with security aides Saturday afternoon and issued a plea for government restraint in Egypt, where Washington has long feared increasing influence by Muslim militants.
Egyptian security officials said that overnight armed men fired at guards in gun battles that lasted hours at the four prisons including one northwest of Cairo that held hundreds of militants. The prisoners escaped after starting fires and clashing with guards.
Those who fled included 34 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's largest and best organised opposition group.
The Egyptian security officials said several inmates were killed and wounded, but gave no specific figures.
The vacuum left by the police melting away prompted residents to form neighbourhood protection groups, armed with firearms, sticks and clubs. The citizens set up self-styled checkpoints and barricades and used bricks and metal traffic barriers to block off side streets.
State Egyptian television, meanwhile, said authorities have decided to close down the Cairo offices of the Qatar-based Al-Jazzera television and suspend the accreditation of its reporters.
The Egyptian TV did not give a reason for the move, but Egyptian authorities have often in the past charged that the station's coverage of events in Egypt was biased against Mubarak's regime.
