"Today's scan revealed I've fractured my ankle, absolutely devastated! I'll be doing everything I can to get back fit as soon as I can!" the 23-year-old said on Twitter on Sunday.
The Football Association confirmed the injury had ruled him out of Tuesday's friendly at Wembley against the Netherlands.
Neither the FA nor Butland's club Stoke City gave details about how long he would be out for but sources indicated a three-month layoff.
That would rule him out of the rest of the Premier League season, a big blow for eighth-placed Stoke for whom he has been ever-present between the posts, as well as the squad for the European Championship in France starting in June.
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England were already without injured first-choice keeper Joe Hart for the Germany game and Southampton's Fraser Forster is set to start against the Dutch.
Forster earned his fourth cap when he replaced Butland in the first half in Berlin after Germany had taken a 1-0 lead.
Burnley goalkeeper Tom Heaton, uncapped at senior international level, was called up last week after Hart was ruled out.
(Reporting by Alan Baldwin, editing by Ed Osmond)
