The vote in Brussels saw 15 European governments backing a two-year suspension on use of the three pesticides but did not reach the required majority under EU rules, thus handing the final decision to the Commission, the bloc's executive arm.
"I pledge to do my utmost to ensure that our bees, which are so vital to our ecosystem and contribute over 22 billion euros annually to European agriculture, are protected," said EU health commissioner Tonio Borg after the ballot.
The pesticides will from December 1 be banned from use on some crops and during seasons crucial for the survival of bees.
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The insecticides -- imidacloprid and clothianidin produced by Bayer, and thiamethoxam by Syngenta -- are used to treat seeds, and are applied to the soil or sprayed on bee-attractive plants and cereals.
Bees account for 80 per cent of plant pollination by insects, which is vital to global food production.
Without them, many crops would be unable to bear fruit or would have to be pollinated by hand.
"Today's vote makes it crystal clear that there is overwhelming scientific, political and public support for a ban," said Marco Contiero of the Greenpeace environmental activist group.
Countries opposed to the ban, including Britain and Hungary, failed to muster enough support to block the Commission's proposed moratorium.
Germany, which in a previous vote had abstained and was under heavy pressure from pharmaceutical firms and farmers to fight the proposal, also voted in favour.
The decision is a blow to the two chemical companies -- Bayer of Germany and Switzerland's Syngenta -- which turn profits from the products they say are not to blame for the sharp decline in the bee population.
Both Bayer and Sygenta say study findings saying their products are to blame for falling bee numbers are flawed.
Bayer CropScience's Richard Breum said in a statement that it remained convinced the insecticides were "safe for bees if the products are applied according to instructions" and warned that the EU ban would be "a setback for technology, innovation and sustainability."
Syngenta chief operating officer John Atkin said the proposed ban "is based on poor science and ignores a wealth of evidence from the field that these pesticides do not damage the health of bees."
Copa Cogeca, which represents European farmers and European agri-cooperatives, last week said even a temporary ban would cause 2.8 billion euros ($A3.58 billion) of losses to farmers and a further 2 billion to the EU economy due to a fall in seed production and rising feed costs due to a need to increase imports.
In the countdown to Monday's decision, battle-lines sharpened between environmentalists and farmers and pharmaceutical firms opposed to the ban on pesticides from the so-called "neonicotonoid" family.
Internet-based global campaigner Avaaz, which has gathered 2.5 million signatures to save the insect, floated a giant plastic honey bee over EU headquarters to hammer home its message.
The Commission demanded their ban for use on four major crops -- maize, rape seed, sunflowers and cotton -- after the European Food Safety Authority said they posed "disturbing" risks to bees and other pollinating insects vital for human food production.
The 15 nations that voted in favour of the ban were -- Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden.
Eight nations voted against -- Austria, Britain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia -- and four abstained -- Ireland, Greece, Lithuania, Finland.
