After two militant attacks in Paris killed 17 people in January last year, Islamic State's French-language magazine Dar al-Islam appeared with the Eiffel Tower on the cover and the headline "May Allah curse France".
France was struck again last November, with 130 dead in gun and bomb attacks in Paris, and now in Nice, where at least 84 people were killed by a truck that ploughed through crowds after a fireworks display on Thursday evening.
"Terrorism ... is a threat that weighs heavily on France and will continue doing so for a long time," Prime Minister Manuel Valls said on Friday.
France's counter-terrorism chief Patrick Calvar said as much to a parliamentary committee last May, when the main fear was about security for the Euro 2016 football championship this summer.
"Today, France is clearly the most threatened country," the head of the General Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI) said.
The reasons that make France a prime target for radical Islamist groups range from its present-day military operations all the way to - at least in IS's propaganda - the Crusades from the 11th to 15th centuries when Christians battled Muslims in the Middle East.
The country, which has Europe's largest Muslim minority, also has a steadfastly secular culture that sidelines religion in public life, typified by a ban on Islamic face veils in public and headscarves in state schools and the civil service.
Supporters say this encourages a common French identity but critics say it alienates non-Christian minorities.
After the Paris attacks, IS said France and other countries fighting alongside it would remain threatened as long as they pursued "their crusader campaign" in Syria and Iraq.
France conducts air strikes and special forces operations against the group and trains Iraqi government and Kurdish forces.
In his reaction to the Nice attack, President Francois Hollande vowed to step up those efforts against IS.
Paris also has troops in west Africa, where it helps keep Islamist insurgents at bay in several countries.
With robust policies limiting the visibility of religion in the public sphere, France also has domestic policies that anger Islamist militants.
Some in the five-million-strong Muslim community, about eight per cent of the population, complain of discrimination and many Muslims live in poorer neighbourhoods in the large cities.
They feel France is unfairly tough on their religion, with the Islamic face veils and headscarves measures. Citing the state's official neutrality, many public schools cafeterias refuse to serve halal meals.
France's long tradition of political satire, which extends to lampooning religion, was the reason Islamist militants gave when they attacked an editorial meeting of the outspoken magazine Charlie Hebdo last year and kill 12 people.
