Guzman, who plays for Mexican side Tigres, joins Chelsea's Willy Caballero and uncapped River Plate stopper Franco Armani in Argentina's 23-man squad for Russia.
Coach Jorge Sampaoli took just minutes to decide on Guzman after Romero's exclusion was announced on Tuesday.
Romero, who was widely expected to be Argentina's first choice keeper, will need surgery on his right knee, the AFA said.
The loss of the experienced Romero is a serious blow to a country that has struggled defensively in recent friendlies, losing 4-2 to Nigeria and 6-1 to Spain.
News that makes sense
Your trusted source for staying up-to-date with the world around you. Get free daily news updates and analysis, straight to your inbox.
Guzman, the 32-year old former Newell's Old Boys keeper, has won three league titles in three years with Tigres and been capped six times for the national side but just once since 2015, in last summer's 6-0 friendly win over Singapore.
He will form part of the squad for Argentina's farewell friendly against Haiti at Boca Juniors' ground on May 29.
The twice world champions and runnersup four years ago in Brazil also play Israel on June 9 before heading to Russia where they have been drawn in Group D with Iceland, Croatia and Nigeria.
(Reporting by Simon Evans in Burton on Trent, England and Ramiro Scandolo in Buenos Aires; Writing by Andrew Downie; Editing by Toby Davis / Ian Ransom)
