Plenty of research has shown that learning a second language can boost brainpower, but a new study suggests that the effects extend to those who begin in middle childhood.
The study shows that people who began learning English around age 10 and were immersed in the language showed improvements in the structure of the brain's white matter.
That compares to people who grew up speaking only English and didn't learn a second language.
These "higher levels of structural integrity" were in areas responsible for language learning and semantic processing.
The findings mirror observations from previous studies that found these improvements in people who learned a second language at a much earlier age.
The study was led by Dr Christos Pliatsikas of the University of Kent School of Psychology and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Researchers studied brain scans from 20 people, all around the age of 30, who had lived in Britain for at least 13 months.
They had all started learning English as a second language around age 10.
Their imaging analyses were compared to 25 people of similar age who spoke only English.
"Everyday handling of more than one language functions as an intensive cognitive stimulation that benefits specific language-related brain structures by preserving their integrity, and therefore it protects them against deterioration in older age," Dr Pliatsikas said.
Since previous studies had predominantly relied on people who learned two or more languages beginning in infancy, scientists say more research is needed to close in on exactly when these positive brain changes begin to take root.
