The Queensland government wanted the federal government to at least match its $850 million commitment to the $5.4 billion proposal for a second rail crossing over the Brisbane River,.
But the federal budget only went as far as saying it is one of a number of projects that could be considered as part of a $10 billion national rail program.
Federal Treasurer Scott Morrison said projects such as Cross River Rail and the Brisbane Metro have the potential to be supported through the rail program, subject to a proven business case.
The federal government has previously allocated $10 million for a business case and early works for Cross River Rail, as well as ensuring it ties into Brisbane City Council's Metro project.
Ms Palaszczuk had said she wanted Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to deliver good infrastructure projects for Queensland in the budget.
"If not, he'll be hearing from me," she said.
She wanted to see "something with a billion sign in front of it" and a firm commitment from Canberra on Cross River Rail.
The federal budget does deliver $844 million in further funds for the upgrade of the Bruce Highway, including $530 million for works from Pine Rivers to Caloundra.
Canberra also committed to financing the Melbourne to Brisbane Inland Rail project through an additional $8.4 billion investment in the Australian Rail Track Corporation and a public private partnership.
The government said it is looking at further hydro-electricity opportunities in Queensland and other states while expanding the Snowy Hydro scheme.
Queensland is developing a business case for a hydro-electric power station on the state's biggest dam, Burdekin Falls Dam.
