Emmerson said in a special report that information from Pakistan's foreign ministry recorded at least 330 drone strikes in the largely lawless region bordering Afghanistan since 2004. The government in Islamabad had recorded 2,200 deaths from these attacks.
Of these, Emmerson said Pakistan had confirmed that "at least 400 civilians had been killed as a result of remotely piloted aircraft strikes and a further 200 individuals were regarded as probable non-combatants."
"Officials indicated that, owing to underreporting and obstacles to effective investigation, those figures were likely to be an underestimate," Emmerson continued.
The US' largest drone deployments take place over Pakistan, Afghanistan and Yemen. Missions in Pakistan and Yemen have CIA involvement and very little information is publicly released.
DW.DE
News that makes sense
Your trusted source for staying up-to-date with the world around you. Get free daily news updates and analysis, straight to your inbox.
'More informed debate' needed in 'secret' drone war in Pakistan
About 2,500 people have been killed in US drone attacks on Pakistan's tribal regions in the last nine years. It's crucial to identify the victims, says Jack Serle from the London-based Bureau of Investigative Journalism. (04.10.2013)
"The involvement of the CIA in lethal counterterrorism operations in Pakistan and Yemen has created an almost insurmountable obstacle to transparency," Emmerson said. "One consequence is that the United States has to date failed to reveal its own data on the level of civilian casualties inflicted through the use of remotely piloted aircraft in classified operations conduced in Pakistan and elsewhere."
Still a legal debate, already a military reality
The issue often makes the front pages in the US, and President Barack Obama said in May that "before any [drone] strike is taken, there must be near-certainty that no civilians will be killed or injured."
CIA director John Brennan had said during his confirmation process earlier this year that figures on civilian casualties from drone attacks should be made public. Without publicly offering data, US officials have often sought to imply that the numbers were considerably lower than the estimates from Pakistan's foreign ministry suggest.
The international community is still discussing the legality of using unmanned combat aircraft, despite their growing prevalence around the world. International norms currently allow drone strikes only to prevent imminent danger of an attack; suspected past terrorist involvement, for example, is not considered sufficient justification.
Germany, which currently owns surveillance drones only, is reportedly closing on a deal to buy in armed units for the Bundeswehr - most likely from the US. The defense ministry said in answer to an official query from the strictly pacifist Left Party in August that no decision would be made until 2014, after national elections. This announcement weeks before the ballot followed a separate scandal in May, when the government scrapped a major project for an unmanned drone after pouring an estimated 300 million euros ($410 million) into its development.
The United Nations General Assembly is due to debate drone usage in New York next Friday.
