New infections of HIV have been rising fast in Indonesia.
Devastating for Indonesia, it also has implications for Australia.
Tourist-driven prostitution has seen Australia's HIV infection rates grow, particularly in Western Australia and Queensland.
News that makes sense
Your trusted source for staying up-to-date with the world around you. Get free daily news updates and analysis, straight to your inbox.
The Australian Medical Association has suggested the mining boom is contributing, with many single young men visiting red light districts in Thailand and Indonesia.
Rhiannon Elston reports.
Major campaigns against HIV and AIDS in the 1980s helped dramatically reduce rates of new infections, while advances in treatment mean it's no longer a death sentence; but numbers of new cases are again on the rise.
HIV infections in Australia peaked at just over 2700 new cases in 1987, and from there, numbers began to decline.
By the late 1990s, there were just 700 new cases a year.
Associate Professor David Wilson, of the Kirby Institute at the University of New South Wales, says in 2013 rates are once again at levels not seen since the early 1990s.
"In some ways it could be a success story, in that we are keeping people alive a lot longer. And so, as we're getting new infections, there are not as many people balancing that out with deaths, and so there's more people alive to potentially cause new infections. At the same time, maybe there is a small degree of complacency. We are seeing some slight declines in condom use."
Among some of our nearest neighbours, the number is much higher.
In Indonesia, HIV rates are highest in the eastern province of Papua.
"It's very dangerous what we're seeing in Papua, West Papua province of Indonesia. There, there are rates that are similar to what we are seeing in sub-saharan Africa."
Throughout the rest of the country, cases are concentrated in high-risk populations such as sex workers.
Rosanti is one of the 21,000 sex workers living in the capital, Jakarta.
She only learned about HIV last year - more than six months after she started selling sex.
(translated) "The worry is getting bigger, I'm already tired of working. I'm afraid of being infected with this disease."
The country's national AIDS commission is convinced HIV rates will rapidly escalate in the next two decades.
Former sex worker Barbie runs education sessions teaching safe sex.
The grassroots program receives funding from the Global Fund, an international organisation partially supported by the Australian government.
(translated) "Awareness is actually quite high, however the infection rate is also high. Initially we thought it might have something to do with the condom use program, or maybe there is something wrong with the condom itself."
Government data suggests it's more likely due to sporadic use of condoms.
David Wilson of the Kirby Institute says Australians who buy sex abroad need to be aware of the risks they face.
"We know that that exists, but it is more anecdotal. We do not have hard data on rates or the transmissions that might occur there. But given the rates of HIV are much higher in Thailand, in Cambodia, in Indonesia, we can only infer that there is an elevated risk of transmission, and there are new infections that are occurring through those routes."
Research has shown a 50 per cent rise in HIV rates among migrants who come to Australia from high-risk countries.
Associate Professor David Wilson.
"It is very difficult to ascertain what level of HIV is really out in those groups, because our surveillance system is built around people getting tested, and those groups are not known for getting tested as frequently as the gay population here in Australia."
