

Explainer
Published
Updated
Here is a snapshot of the five electorates holding by-elections.
* Longman is just north of Brisbane, with major centres including Caboolture.
* By-election triggered by May resignation of Labor's Susan Lamb over her dual British citizenship.
* Held by Lamb with a 0.8 per cent margin.
* Lamb is standing again but faces a tough challenge from Liberal National Party candidate Trevor 'Big Trev' Ruthenberg.
* Ruthenberg's campaign was de-railed over his misrepresentation of a military medal, for which he apologised.
* Preferences from One Nation's Matthew Stephen will be crucial.
* Expecting strong vote for minor parties and independents.
* 11 candidates have nominated.
* Key issues: health, penalty rates, jobs.

* Mayo takes in the Adelaide Hills through to Kangaroo Island.
* By-election triggered by May resignation of Centre Alliance's Rebekha Sharkie over her dual British citizenship.
* Held by Sharkie with a five per cent margin.
* Sharkie is expected to retain the seat but faces a challenge from the Liberals' Georgina Downer, the daughter of former federal minister Alexander Downer.
* If elected Downer will be the fourth generation of her family to serve in federal parliament.
* Seven candidates have nominated, including Labor's Reg Coutts.
* GetUp has run a public campaign linking Downer to cuts to the ABC. The Liberals have countered saying voting for Sharkie is the same as voting for Labor.
* Key issues: health, ABC funding, education.

* Braddon is situated in northwestern Tasmania, with major centres including Devonport and Burnie.
* By-election triggered by the resignation of Labor's Justine Keay over her dual British citizenship.
* Held by Keay with a 2.2 per cent margin.
* Keay is behind in the polls and betting markets, with former Liberal MP Brett Whiteley on track for a narrow win.
* Eight candidates have nominated.
* Bill Shorten and Malcolm Turnbull have campaigned heavily in the seat.
* Key issues: health, job creation, fishing.

* Perth is based on the central part of the West Australian capital.
* By-election triggered by May resignation of Labor's Tim Hammond who retired so that he could spend more time with his young family.
* Held by Hammond with a 3.3 per cent margin.
* Labor candidate Patrick Gorman, former Kevin Rudd staffer and WA Labor secretary, is expected to win.
* Fifteen candidates have nominated, but no Liberal candidate standing
* Key issues: education, transport, health, WA's GST share.
* Fremantle is centred on the city, south of Perth.
* By-election triggered by May resignation of Labor's Josh Wilson over his dual British citizenship.
* Held by Wilson with a 7.5 per cent margin.
* Wilson is expected to win, with no Liberal candidate contesting the by-election.
* Seven candidates nominated.
* Key issues: roads, health, WA's GST share.

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