Key Points
- Native title ah waa aqoonsi sharci oo muujinaya in dadka asaliga ah ee Aboriginal iyo Torres Strait Islander ay leeyihiin xiriir joogto ah oo ay la leeyihiin dhulka iyo biyaha, iyadoo lagu saleynayo shuruucda iyo caadooyinka dhaqameed
- Xuquuqda asaliga ah waxay u oggolaaneysaa bulshooyinka First Nations inay ilaashadaan dhaqankooda
- Dadka badankiisa, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool guryo ku leh isla markaana ku nool magaalooyinka, native title-ku ma saameeyo, laakiin in la fahmo waxay caawin kartaa ixtiraamka iyo is-dhexgalka.
WARNING: This story contains the images and names of people who have passed.
- Native title sidee ku yimid?
- Native title macnihiisu waa maxay?
- Muxuu u kakan yahay native title-ku?
- Intee Australia ah buu ka jiraa native title-ku?
- Muxuu muhiim ugu yahay native title-ku Australia oo dhan?
Native title, land rights iyo treaty, waa saddex hab oo kala duwan oo loo isticmaalo in lagu xoojiyo dhaqankan hodanka ah, iyo in dadka Aboriginalka iyo kuwa Torres Straight Islander-ku ay xidhiid ruuxi ah ula sii lahaadaan dhulka.
Land rights iyo treaty waxaanu kusoo qeexday qaybihii hore ee Australia Explained. Sidaa awgeed qaybta toddobaadkan ee Australia Explained waxay ku koobnaan doontaa oo sharaxaysaa native title waxa uu yahay, taariikhdiisa iyo sida uu uga duwan yahay land-rights.
Native title sidee ku yimid?
Muddo ka badan 200 sano, Australia waxaa loo yaqaannay magaca terra nullius, oo micnihiisu yahay “dhul madhan”, muddadaa dheerna lama aqoonsanin in dadka Aboriginal iyo Torres Strait Islander ee halkan degganaan jireen, ka hor intii aanu caddaanku soo degin dhulka..
Arrintan ayaase isbedeshay ka-dib markii la ansixiyey kiiskii la oran jirey 'Mabo case' oo taarkhda galay.
Sanadkii 1982, koox ka tirsan dadka reer (MIIRIYAM) Meriam oo uu hogaaminayay nin la oran jirey Eddie Mabo, ayaa bilaabay kiis sharciyeed iyagoo raadinayey in la aqoonsado lahaanshahooda dhaqameed ee Jasiiradaha Murray ee Torres Strait. Waa jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaal waqooyiga Queensland, dusha sare ee Australia.
Kiisku wuxuu socday ku dhawaad toban sano. Kadibna, 1992, Maxkamadda Sare ee Australia ayaa go’aan taariikhi ah gaartay, iyagoo aqoonsaday in dadka Meriam ay dhulkooda u haystaan native title. Go’aankani wuxuu noqday mid taariikhi ah; wuxuuna baabi’iyay fikerkii khayaaliga ahaa ee terra nullius ama dhul cidla ah.
Go’aankii kiiska Mabo ee maxakamadda sare gaartey ka dib, ayuu baarlamaanka Aurtraliana ansixiey sharciga la yiraahdo Native Title Act 1993
15kii November 1993, ayaa Ra’iisul Wasaarihii Australia ee waagaas, Paul Keating dadka Australia u sheegay sidii ay dowladda Australia uga jawaabtay go’aankii maxamadda sare ee lagu ogolaaday kiiskii Mabo, oo ahaa in Baarlamaanku ansixiyey sharcigan Native Title Act 19193.
"Go’aanka Maxkamaddu waa mid cadaalad ah. Waxa uu diiday been wuxuuna aqoonsaday run. Beentu waxay ahayd terra nullius oo ah khiyaaligii ahaa in aanay Australia cidina lahayn. Runtuna waxay ahayd native title-ka. Xaqiiqaduna waxay tahay, inay dhulkan lahaayeen dadka Ausralia ee Aboriginalka iyo kuwa Torres Straigh Islander-ku, meelaha qaarkoodna ayba si sharci ah u lahaayeen labdii boqol ee sano, ee reer Yurub degganaanyeen" ayuu yiri
Native title macnihiisu waa maxqy?
Native title waa aqoonsi muujinaya in qaar ka mid ah dadka First Nations ay weli leeyihiin, xuquuq 'dhul iyo mid biyo', iyadoo lagu saleynayo sharcigooda iyo caadooyinkooda dhaqameed. Xuquuqdan dowladuhu ma bixiyaan, wada-xaajoodna laguma bixiyo, ee waxaa aqoonsada oo keliya maxkamadaha Australia.
Native title ma aha hal xaq oo keliya. Waxaa badanaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu yahay xidhmooyin xaquun ah oo aan kala hari karin. Waxaa ku kulma xuquuqo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin:
· Isticmaalka dhulka iyo biyaha, ugaarsiga, kalluumeysiga, xaflado-dhaqammedka , iyo daryeelka goobaha dhaqanka muhiimka ah.
Native title, waxay aqoonsan tahay xuquuq-kooxeed ama xuquuq-wadaag. Ma bixiso lahaansho ganacsi oo gaar loo leeyahay.
Native title waxba kama beddesho adeegsiyada kale ee dhulka, sida beerashada, macdanta, ama howlaha dowladda hoose. Meelo badanna, adeegsiyadani waxay ka dhinac jiraan Native title-ka qudhiisa. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dadka First Nations-ku ay badanaa xuquuqda dhulka la wadaagaan dadka kale sida beeralayda, macdan qodayaasha, ama golayaasha deegaanka. Bulshooyinka Aboriginal iyo Torres Strait Islander, Native title-ku , xuquuq dhul uun uma aha, wuxuu u yahay aqoonsi, dhaqan, iyo lahaansho.
Professor Peter Yu, oo ah hogaamiye reer (Yaawuuru) Yawuru , ahna aqoonyahan, ayaa sharaxaya:
“Native title waxa uu ku siinayaa fursad aad dib ugu qaabayso xeerarka aasaasiga ah ee haga bulshada iyo xiriirka. Sidoo kale waxa uu aasaas cusub u yahay barashada iyo dib-u-barashada luqadaha, heesaha iyo ciyaaraha, iyo aqoonta dhaqanka, iyo sidoo kale, si aan u sii wadno dhismaha awoodaha jiilalka mustaqbalka ee qoysaskayaga iyo kooxaha qabiileed-kayaga.” ayuu yiri.”
Ra'iisal-wasaarihii Australia, Paul Keating (1993)
Why is native title complex?
Laakiin helidda aqoonsigu ma aha mid sidaa sahlan.
Si loo xaqiijiyo xuquuqda native title, bulshooyinku waa inay si cad u xaqiijiyaan ama muujiyaan xiriir ma-dhammaade ah oo ay la leeyihiin dhulka, oo ka dhex muuqda taariikhda ay habka qori-isu-dhiibka ah u dhaxleen, sheekooyinka iyo in uu jiil-ba jiil-ka kale usoo gudbiyey.
Hannaanka sharciga casriga ahi waa mid kakan, sharci dhaqameedkuna si fudud uguma milmi karo sharciyada kasoo jeeda reer galbeedka.
Gwynette Govardhan, oo ah qareen, kuna takhasustay native title-ka iyo sharciga dhaxalka, ayaa sharaxaysa caqabadaha:
“Waxaynu isku dayeynaa inaynu dhaqan soo jireen ah, dhex gelino kii reer galbeedka oo aynu khasab ugu dhex milno, meesha ay xaqiiqadu tahay inay taasi dhibaato abuurayso, waayo hab sharciyeedka reer galbeedka looma qaabaynin hab loo dhex gelin karo, kan dhaqankayaga soo jireenka ah” ayay tiri.”
Yinhawangka Law Men Marlon Cooke (left) and David Cox ('Barndu') (right) with Gwynette Govardhan on Yinhawangka Country during a field trip to collect evidence (stories and land markings) of cultural heritage.
How much of Australia is covered by native title?
Si kastaba ha ahaate’e, native title waxay laga dhaxlay isbeddel dhab ah oo waara.
Waxay ka caawisay bulshooyinka, inay dib-u-soo-nooleyaan luqadahooda, dibna ay u hagaajiyaan hababkoodii dhaqameed ee daryeelka dhulka iyo biyaha, iyo inay go’aammada muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan dhulkooda iyo biyahooda door xooggan ku yeeshaan.
Native Title Act, native title wuxuu hadda daboolaa ku dhawaad 40% dalka Australia, oo ay u badan yihiin, deegaannada for-fog iyo magaalooyinka gobollada ee ka baxsan magaalo-madaxyada, halkaas oo dadka deggani ay si joogto ah xidhiidh ula leeyihiin dhulka.
Waana muhiim in la ogaado in native title-ku uu ka duwan ‘land ownership’ ama lahaansho dhul.
Haddaba haddii aad, adiga qudhaadu, ka mid tahay dadka dalka soo degey, oo aad ku nooshahay deegaannada fog-fog ama deegaannada ka baxsan magaalo-madaxyada, ha u qaadanin in native title-ku si aan wacnayn u saamaynayo noloshaada maalin-laha ah. Waase muhiim inaad faham wacan u yeelato, si ay u muujiso ixtiraam iyo is-dhex-gal.
Waa tan (guwinett gooverdhan) mar kale:
“Waxaan u maleynayaa inay aad muhiim u tahay in si guud loo ogaado in xuquuqda iyo danaha native title-ku aanay dadka si shakhsi ah u saameyn doonin. Dadku waxay moodaan inay saameyn doonto noloshooda maalinlaha ah, laakiin anigu ma arko inay sidaas tahay.” ayay tiri
Yinhawangka Country in the Pilbara region taken by Gwynette Govardhan during an on Country field trip.
Muxuu muhiim ugu yahay native title-ku Ausralia oo dhan?
Sidii uu Paul Keating sheegay markii uu ka hadlayey go’aanka Mabo, in la hir-geliya Native Title, kuma ay koobnayn caddaalad la siiyey dadka First Nations-ka oo keliya, ee waxay tallaabo horey loo qaaday u ahayd dadka Australia oo dhan..
"Waa inaynu horey u soconno oo u aragno Mabo fursadda weyn ee tahay. Fursad lagu saxo qalad taariikhi ah, looga gudbo taariikhda lagu xadgudbay, lagu soo celiyo xiriirka qadiimiga ah ee dhulka iyo dhaqanka Aboriginal-ka. Inay sidoo kale tahay fursad lagaga bogsado xanuunka. Fursad lagu aqoonsado in dhaqanka Aboriginal-ku qayb ka yahay qeexidda qaranimadeena iyo in la muujiyo, in Australiyadan xorta ah ee dulqaadka leh loo siman yahay"
Dad badan oo ka mid ah First Nations-ka, native title, ma aha kaliya hannaan sharci ee waa hab lagu noolaynayo taariikhdii awoowayaashood.
Dadkeenna ku cusub Australia-na, wuxuu native title-ku inaga caawiyaa inay fahamno xiriirka qotada dheer ee First Nations-ku ay la leeyihiin dhulka, uuna yahay xiriir soo jirey kumanaan sano , welina jira.
Native title weli wuu sii korayaa, iyadoo ay samaysmayaan heshiisyo cusub oo qaabeeya sida dhulka, biyaha, iyo dhaxalka loogu ilaaliyo jiilalka mustaqbalka ee Australia.
Land rights, treaty, iyo native title midba wuxuu gaarkiisa u leeyahay hannaan sharci iyo siyaasadeed oo ka duwan kuwa kale, laakiin dhammaantood waxay ujeedadoodu tahay in la aqoonsado xiriirka dadka First Nations-ku la leeyihiin Dhulka iyo deegaanka,, isla markaana ay ka taliyaan arrimaha iyaga ku saabsan.
“We need to have our land, our culture, our language, and our community. We're not opposed to development, but we need to have this as the foundation,” Professor Yu says.
Native title is one part of Australia’s continuing story of recognition — and of keeping the world’s oldest living cultures connected to their lands and waters.
Audio of Prime Minister Paul Keating’s 1993 address courtesy of the National Archives of Australia (NAA).
Ku soo biir oo ku xidhnoow Australia Explained si aad uga hesho macluumaad kaa caawiya degitaankaaga iyo ku xasilka Australia.
Su'aal ma qabtaa, feker/se ma nagu soo biirin? Noogu sii dir australiaexplained@sbs.com.au
