At least four people were killed Thursday in clashes over Kenya's election re-run, prompting officials to delay the vote in four counties and further tarnishing the credibility of a deeply divisive poll.
As counting began after a day marked by bloodshed and poor voter turnout, President Uhuru Kenyatta was heading for a landslide victory after his rival, Raila Odinga, pulled out.
But estimated figures compiled by the election board pointed to a turnout of just 48 per cent.
If confirmed, it would be a huge fall from the nearly 80 per cent rate in the August poll, which was won by Kenyatta but overturned by the Supreme Court in an unprecedented ruling that sparked weeks of protest and acrimonious debate.
As the troubled election played out, three people were killed as protests raged in opposition strongholds in the west of the country, while a fourth died in a Nairobi slum where clashes erupted between demonstrators and police.
The confirmed casualties raised the number of people killed in election-related violence since the August poll to 44.
In a televised address after the polls closed at 1400 GMT, election chief Wafula Chebukati said eight out of 10 of the country's polling stations had opened.
Kenyans brave the rain to cast their votes at Mutomo Primary School polling station in Gatundu, Kenya, 26 October 2017 (AAP) Source: AAP
"We have 40,883 poll stations... out of that number, 35,564 polling stations opened or sent an opening message, meaning voting took place and this is representing 87 per cent of polling stations," he said, noting there were 5,319 that did not open or were unable to send an opening message.
Earlier, Chebukati said that due to "security-related challenges", the ballot would be postponed until Saturday in four protest-hit counties in the west: Kisumu, Homa Bay, Migori and Siaya.
But Kisumu's governor Anyang Nyongo rejected the move, saying people would not vote while they were "mourning".
A vote for Jesus
While Mr Odinga's supporters hit the streets, others went to the polls to cast their ballots.
But, in stark contrast to the August election, several polling stations in key areas stood empty or welcomed only a handful of voters in an election likely to face more legal battles after its conclusion.
At one polling station in Nairobi's Kibera slum, rocks bounced off the roof as officials tallied just 16 votes - all for Kenyatta.
In the middle-class neighbourhood of Kilimani, turnout at St Georges school was only 42 per cent, with Kenyatta scoring the large majority - although one person wrote in the name of Jesus, and voted for him.
As voting headed to a close, police and hospital sources confirmed four people had been shot dead and around 50 others wounded, most by live bullets, according to an AFP tally of figures from officials and medics.
At the Jaramogi hospital in Kisumu, an AFP correspondent saw several people arriving covered in blood.
"This is crazy, they are shooting at us - we are demonstrating and they shoot us" Samuel Okot, 20, who was sitting with his friend - Joseph Ouma - who had been shot in the knee and was howling in pain, said.
"What kind of country is this?"
Police confront protesters in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya, Thursday, Oct. 26, 2017. Source: AAP
Threat of more bloodshed
The violence drew a sharp response from rights watchdog Amnesty International.
"With tensions running high there is a very real threat of further bloodshed as the election re-run takes place," Justus Nyangaya, director at Amnesty International Kenya, said.
"We are calling on the police to only use force as a last resort - unlawful police killings and other human rights violations must not be allowed to recur."
In Kisumu, 19-year-old George Odhiambo died from blood loss after being shot in the thigh during clashes which erupted after protesters barricaded roads and polling stations to block the vote, police and hospital sources said.
A second person died from a gunshot wound to the leg in Kisumu, police said, after a polling centre was "stormed" by a mob.
Police said another man was shot dead in Homa Bay, also in the west, "where a large mob attacked a small police facility" prompting officers to open fire "to protect themselves", a statement said.
A fourth man died after being shot in the head in Nairobi's Mathare slum, another hotspot in the capital where police fired water cannon and teargas to disperse demonstrators.
In the eastern port city of Mombasa, police said a man was stabbed as he was going out to vote, while in Kisumu a police officer was also wounded with a knife.
Also in Mombasa, police said protesters in the city's Bangladesh slum had smeared faeces on the walls of a primary school that was to be used as a polling station.
Pyrrhic victory for Kenyatta?
Analysts say the boycott in east Africa's richest economy and one of its strongest democracies is likely to tarnish the credibility of Kenyatta's victory and deepen its worst political crisis since a 2007 election sparked politically-driven ethnic violence that left 1,100 dead.
"Today, no fair election can take place. The government wants to force us to vote, but we did not want to do it and we will not do it," Austin Olang, a 26-year-old maths teacher in Kisumu, said.
In the first election, turnout was nearly 80 per cent among the 19 million registered voters. Kenyatta secured victory with 54 per cent of the vote, while Mr Odinga came second with 45 per cent.
Mr Odinga, 72, is a veteran opposition leader who followed in the footsteps of his father and inherited a dynastic rivalry with Kenyatta, whose father was the country's first post-independence president.
In areas loyal to Kenyatta, turnout was steady but still appeared to be far lower than during the first round.
But in Mr Odinga's main strongholds, polling officials were left twiddling their thumbs.
The decision to cancel the August poll was initially hailed as a service to democracy in a country plagued by disputed elections.
But the re-run has been dogged by chaos and acrimony, prompting western diplomats to blast Mr Odinga and Kenyatta for fuelling division.
