SPG Law, a British offshoot of a US litigator, represents 240,000 individuals in Brazil, 24 municipal governments, a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and members of the Krenak indigenous community, and has filed three legal claims for unlimited damages over the failure of the Fundao dam in 2015.
It looks set to be the largest group action heard in England.
London and Australian-listed BHP, the world's largest mining company by market value, said it had received correspondence from the law firm but also noted it had so far committed $US780 million ($A1.1 billion) to the Renova Foundation, an entity created by the miner and its partners to manage reparations and repairs.
"BHP will defend the action and remains committed to supporting the remediation and compensation efforts of the Renova Foundation," a spokesman said.
The collapse of the Fundao tailings dam, which stored mining waste and is owned by the Samarco joint venture between BHP and Brazilian iron ore mining giant Vale, killed 19 and spilled about 40 million cubic metres of sludge over communities, the Rio Doce and Atlantic Ocean 650km away.
Brazil charged 22 people in 2016 with offences, including murder, over the dam's collapse. The miners this year settled a 20 billion reais (about $A7.5 billion) civil claim with local authorities to establish a clean-up fund. Other public cases, such as a $US40 billion civil reparation case, are suspended.
BHP, which has separately settled a US investor class action and continues to battle Australian shareholder lawsuits, has rejected all charges against the company, current and former staff.
The latest lawsuit was filed by SPG in the north western English city of Liverpool.
SPG says it is working with 600 lawyers and law firms in Brazil and is bringing the case in England in part because a STG200 pound ($A353) settlement offer two years ago by the Renova Foundation to those who had their water disrupted was "inadequate".
It wants to bring the case against BHP and subsidiaries in Brazil, the US and Panama using Brazil's tough environmental law, that can hold companies liable for repairing damage or compensating victims irrespective of fault or intent.
"The key issue at the heart of this case is whether the parent company, BHP, is liable as a matter of Brazilian law," says SPG lawyer Tom Goodhead.
SPG said in a letter to BHP, dated November 15 and seen by Reuters, that it had "serious concerns" about Renova approaching some of its clients, including municipalities, to negotiate a settlement in return for waiving rights to pursue other claims.
A spokesman for BHP declined to comment.
