Spain's parliament has shot down a Catalan petition to call a referendum on secession, setting the stage for a bitter sovereignty struggle between the government and the country's economic engine.
"I defend that Catalonia should remain in Spain because I can't conceive of Spain without Catalonia nor of Catalonia outside of Spain and Europe," Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy told the assembly before the vote on Tuesday.
His conservative Popular Party, the main opposition Socialists and the centrist Union for Progress and Democracy were determined to block the petition and the outcome of the vote was never in doubt but the Catalonian authorities immediately vowed to fight on.
After a seven-hour debate, 299 members of parliament voted against the request by the Catalonia region to be granted the right to call a referendum while 47 supported the petition and one abstained.
The northeastern region, which has its own language and a long history of fighting for greater autonomy from Spain, had sought permission from the Spanish parliament to hold a referendum on November 9.
Rajoy repeated his argument that the vote would be illegal, since under Spain's constitution referendums on sovereignty must be held nationally and not regionally.
The Spanish leader has warned that independence would be an economic disaster for both Spain and Catalonia, one of the country's most productive but also most indebted regions.
"Together we all win and separate we all lose," the prime minister told parliament.
Spain's Constitutional Court ruled last month that a region like Catalonia could not "unilaterally" call a referendum on its sovereignty.
Catalonia's regional head of government, Artur Mas, has always vowed to remain within the law and he stressed after the vote that Tuesday's rejection was not final.
"From this painful 'no', the Catalan institutions will seek to build legal frameworks, and there are several, allowing for this November 9 ballot to take place," he said.
Mas has also threatened to call snap regional elections as a form of plebiscite on the struggle for independence.
The Catalan National Assembly, a powerful pressure group, has gathered tens of thousands of signatures on a petition urging local leaders to "exhaust all of the paths" to a referendum.
Last year on September 11, Catalonia's national day, hundreds of thousands of people formed a human chain across the region to demand independence in a rally organised by the group.
Proud of their distinct language and culture, a growing number of Catalonia's 7.5 million citizens resent the redistribution of their taxes to other regions and believe the region would be better off on its own.
The European Union and NATO have warned that Catalonia - which has more people than Denmark and an economy rivalling Portugal's in size - would be excluded if it broke away from Spain.
