Blake, a former world champion and double Olympic silver medallist, had only just returned from a succession of hamstring injuries and left the track in a wheelchair.
He had already said he would not compete at the Commonwealth Games in the same city this month in order not to jeopardise his preparations for the 2016 Olympics.
Three men broke the 10-second barrier with Nesta Carter finishing third, a hundredth of a second behind Ashmeade and Rodgers.
In the absence of double Olympic and world champion Mo Farah through illness, Ethiopia's Hagos Gebrhiwet produced a sprint finish reminiscent of the Briton as he held off compatriot Yenew Alamirew to win the 5000m metres in 13 minutes 11.09 seconds.
There was another tight finish in the women's 400 metres as Sanya Richards-Ross blasted out of the blocks and led into the home straight before being chased down by Francena McCorory who timed her run to perfection to win in 49.93 seconds.
It was a good night for multi-eventers as Olympic decathlon champion Ashton Eaton finished second in the 400m hurdles behind Javier Culson, beating the top two from the London Olympics, Felix Sanchez and Michael Tinsley.
British heptathlete Katarina Johnson-Thompson was second in the long jump with a personal best jump of 6.92 metres, six centimetres behind Tianna Bartoletta of the United States.
Britain's William Sharman upset the fastest man in the world this year, Jamaican Hansle Parchment, to win the 110 metres hurdles in a time of 13.21.
(Reporting by Toby Davis,; editing by Pritha Sarkar)
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