Briton Brownlee broke clear of brother Jonny at the start of the running stage and surged to victory over his younger sibling by 32 seconds, roared on by packed crowds in their home city.
Australian Aaron Royle finished third with world champion Javier Sanchez of Spain fourth.
"Thank you Leeds, the people absolutely made it today. We had support like I've never known it," Alistair Brownlee told reporters after claiming his 20th world series title and first for more than a year.
"I think we've shown that Leeds loves sport, that's by far the best world series crowd there's ever been."
American world champion Gwen Jorgensen won the women's race, coming from behind at the start of the run to overhaul world series leader Flora Duffy of Bermuda.
Briton Vicky Holland finished third.
(Reporting by Ed Osmond; Editing by Tony Jimenez)
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