An association has been found between caesarean birth and developmental delays at primary school age but there is no cause for panic or alarm, experts say.
A study of 3000 Australian children born between 2003 and 2004 published in international journal Nature Scientific Reports has found children born via a caesarean on average had lower Year 3 NAPLAN scores compared to children of a vaginal birth.
The observed delays in grammar, numeracy, reading and writing were equivalent to a child missing about 35 days of a school year.
'We observe significant negative relations between caesarean birth and measures of child cognitive development," the authors wrote.
"The key message to medical practitioners is to take a precautionary approach when formulating birth plans, especially when there are no apparent elevated health risks from vaginal birth."
One explanation given by the authors was that good bacteria picked up in the birth canal by babies born by vaginal delivery may give them a distinct developmental advantage later in life.
Dr Charlotte Elder, spokeswoman for The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, says this is one study to find a link and should not cause any stress.
"I'm aware of at least two others that have looked at very similar things that haven't found a link," she told AAP.
"A large number of caesarean sections are done to avoid potentially life-threatening complications, including death. So caesareans have a really important role to play, so I think saying they're aren't good is really quite dangerous."
Dr Elder acknowledges it's worth researching but the findings wont change current practice.
"This issue is a very complicated one, it's very much too simplistic to just say that having a caesarean means that your gut flora is changed therefore that means you are not going to do so well at school."
"This is just a tiny piece of the puzzle rather than being something that's worth stressing about."
Researchers at Melbourne University estimated the relationship between caesarean birth and child cognitive outcomes using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.
They tracked the development of the children every two years until age nine.
After controlling for socio-economic advantage, a "negative" relation between caesarean birth and a "range of cognitive outcomes" was found from age four to nine.
Lead author Dr Cain Polidano described the findings as small but significant and said they warranted further investigation.
Clinical psychologist Dr Liz Westrupp, a researcher at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, says a previous study using the same birth cohort found a "mix" of positive and negative physical and mental health outcomes associated to caesarean birth.
However she said: "We didn't feel like there was really strong evidence from that data at least for strong concerns."
Dr Westrupp also noted that every child is individual and relying on NAPLAN results does not tell the full story.
