The district of Eastern Ghouta, controlled by rebel factions including Islamists, suffered some of its worst bloodshed in years on Tuesday, when 80 civilians were killed.
Regime warplanes returned Wednesday morning for fresh strikes on the enclave, with the death toll climbing to 34 civilians including a dozen children, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Among them was the young daughter of Abu Raad, a shell-shocked man from Eastern Ghouta.
"Now the rescue workers are searching for my second daughter but can't find her. What do I do?" he cried.
Tuesday's toll of 80 dead was "the highest civilian toll in Syria in nearly nine months, and one of the bloodiest days for Eastern Ghouta in several years," Observatory director Rami Abdel Rahman told AFP.
Nineteen children and 20 women were among the dead, and around 200 were wounded, said the Britain-based war monitor.
The deadliest raids hit Beit Sawa and Hammuriyeh, the Observatory said.
'Chlorine' use
In Hammuriyeh, a young man stared at the bodies of five children, including his younger brother, killed in an air strike.
"I saw them filling up water, and a few minutes later the airplane hit. I came back and found all five dead," he said.
Civilians had been bracing for more raids as the regime appeared intent on ratcheting up the pressure on Eastern Ghouta, a rebel pocket on the capital's doorstep.
"Please break up all gatherings and clear the streets," blared an announcement from mosque minarets in Douma.
In apparent retaliation, rebel rocket fire on a government-controlled suburb of Damascus killed one child and wounded two people, state news agency SANA reported.
Citing a police source, state news agency SANA said the shells were launched from Eastern Ghouta.
Home to an estimated 400,000 people, the Eastern Ghouta region has been included in a de-escalation deal that was meant to bring calm.
But the bombardment has increased in recent days, including with suspected chlorine-filled munitions.
On Wednesday, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said "all indications" pointed to the Syrian government's use of chlorine weapons.
"All indications... tell us today that chlorine is being used by the regime at present in Syria," he told BFM television.
Chlorine is suspected of having been used on two occasions this month alone on Eastern Ghouta.
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons said a fact-finding mission mandated "to establish the facts surrounding allegations of the use of toxic chemicals... is investigating all credible allegations".
The world's chemical watchdog voiced "grave concern" over the new reports.
The US State Department said on Monday it had recorded six suspected chemical attacks in Syria in the past 30 days.
'Breaking point'
Syria has repeatedly denied using chemical weapons.
On Wednesday, the Syrian army said it intercepted an Israeli attack on a military position in Jamraya, northwest of Damascus.
Jamraya is home to several military positions and a branch of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center, suspected of playing a leading role in chemical weapons production.
An Israeli air strike hit the facility in May 2013.
"This morning, Israeli warplanes fired several missiles from Lebanese airspace on one of our military positions in the Damascus countryside," said an army statement carried by state media.
"Our air defence systems blocked them and destroyed most of them."
The Observatory said an arms depot in Jamraya had been hit, but it could not confirm whether research facilities had been damaged.
The UN Security Council is to hold a closed-door meeting on Thursday to discuss an appeal for a month-long humanitarian ceasefire in Syria, diplomats said.
The request came from Kuwait and Sweden, whose UN ambassador Olof Skoog said "we are particularly concerned about attacks against civilians".
The UN humanitarian coordinator for Syria, Panos Moumtzis, had called for the ceasefire to allow aid convoys to reach civilians in Eastern Ghouta.
The United Nations has also said it is looking into reports of chemical attacks in the country.
The de-escalation zones, according to Moumtzis, were not doing enough to stem the violence.
"There is a misperception that de-escalation areas have resulted in peace and stability," he told reporters in Beirut.
"Eastern Ghouta is a de-escalation area. If anything, there has been a serious escalation... The conflict in Syria is far from over," Moumtzis said.
The situation had grown more dire because of the multiple fronts raging at the same time.
"It's the first time -- between Eastern Ghouta, Idlib, Afrin -- we have multiple fronts with people in extreme danger without a view to a solution," he said.
More than 340,000 people have been killed and millions displaced since the conflict in Syria erupted in March 2011.
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