England were dismissed for 496 in reply to India's first innings 457, a lead of 39 runs, on the fourth day of the first Test at Trent Bridge on Saturday.
Joe Root was 154 not out after sharing a Test record last-wicket stand of 198 with No.11 James Anderson, who was eventually out for his lunch score of 81 when well caught by first slip Shikhar Dhawan off Bhuvneshwar Kumar (five for 82).
The previous Test tenth-wicket partnership was also set at Trent Bridge when Australia's Phil Hughes and Ashton Agar put on 163 against England last year.
England, after losing six wickets for 68 runs in the face of accurate seam bowling from Kumar and Ishant Sharma on Friday, resumed on 9-352 - a deficit of 105 runs.
Root was 78 not out and Anderson 23 not out, with their stand then worth 54.
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Left-handed batsman Anderson was the initial aggressor on Saturday, turning Kumar of his legs for four and cover-driving him for another boundary with shots worthy of a top-order batsman.
Root got in on the act when he hooked Kumar, not fast enough to bowl short on the docile pitch but attempting a bouncer, for four to fine leg to go to 85.
Two boundaries in as many balls, a cover-drive and a square-drive, off Shami saw the 23-year-old Root to a hundred in 186 balls with 12 boundaries.
Yorkshire's Root, 50 when Anderson, of arch-rivals Lancashire, came in, joyfully hugged his partner as he celebrated his fourth century in 18 Tests.
The 31-year-old Anderson then went past his previous highest Test score of 34 against South Africa in 2008 when he deliberately uppercut Sharma over the slips for four.
Root's drive for two then completed the hundred partnership.
It was England's first 100-run last-wicket stand since Alec Stewart and Andy Caddick against Australia in 2001, and only their fifth of all-time.
