Madeleine Albright, who fled the Nazis as a child in her native Czechoslovakia during the Second World War but rose to become the first female US secretary of state and, in her later years, a pop culture feminist icon, died on Wednesday at the age of 84, her family said.
Dr Albright was a tough-talking diplomat in an administration that hesitated to involve itself in the two biggest foreign policy crises of the 1990s - the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
"We are heartbroken to announce that Dr Madeleine K Albright, the 64th US Secretary of State and the first woman to hold that position, passed away earlier today. The cause was cancer," the family said on Twitter.
Dr Albright was US ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997 and former US President Bill Clinton's secretary of state from 1997 to 2001.
Madeleine Albright was former US President Bill Clinton's secretary of state from 1997 to 2001. Credit: Consolidated News Pictures/Getty Images
During Mr Clinton's first term, many of the administration's top foreign policy experts did not want to get involved because they vividly remembered how the US became bogged down in Vietnam.
In 1995, Bosnian Serb soldiers overran three Muslim enclaves, Srebrenica, Gorazde and Zepa, and massacred more than 8,000 people.
The US responded by working with NATO on airstrikes that forced an end to the war but only after it had been going on for three years.
Dr Albright's experience as a refugee prompted her to push for the US to be a superpower, which used that clout. She wanted a "muscular internationalism", said James O'Brien, a senior adviser to Dr Albright during the Bosnian war.
She once upset a Pentagon chief by asking why the military maintained more than 1 million men and women under arms if they never used them.
Early in the Clinton administration, while she unsuccessfully advocated for a quicker, stronger response in Bosnia, Dr Albright backed a United Nations war crimes tribunal that eventually put the architects of that war, including Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and Bosnian Serb leaders, in jail, Mr O'Brien said.
The plain-spoken Dr Albright took a tough line on a 1996 incident where Cuban jet fighters downed two unarmed US-based planes, saying: "This is not cojones, this is cowardice," using a Spanish vulgarity meaning "testicles".
On social media, others criticised remarks by Ms Albright in a 1996 interview on 60 Minutes interview with correspondent Lesley Stahl.
Dr Albright, who at the time was the US ambassador to the UN, responded to a question on the deaths of half a million Iraqi children after sanctions were imposed by the US over the 1991 Gulf War.
"I think this is a very hard choice, but the price [death toll] – we think the price is worth it," Dr Albright said.
"Still makes my blood boil," Chris Doyle, the director of the Council for Arab-British Understanding, said on Twitter.
Dr Albright, who was born in the former Czechoslovakia in 1937, was nominated to become the first woman secretary of state, and confirmed unanimously in 1997. She was in the post until 2001.
The painful lessons learned in Rwanda and Bosnia served the US well in Kosovo, when Washington saw the more powerful Serbs begin a program of ethnic cleansing of ethnic Albanians. NATO responded with an 11-week campaign of air strikes in 1999 that extended to Belgrade.
During efforts to press North Korea to end its nuclear weapons program, which were eventually unsuccessful, Dr Albright travelled to Pyongyang in 2000 to meet North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, becoming the highest ranking US official to visit the secretive Communist-run country.
Once the Clinton years and the 1990s were over, Dr Albright became an icon to a generation of young women looking for inspiration in their quest for opportunity and respect in the workplace. Dr Albright was fond of saying: "There's a special place in hell for women who don't help each other."
Read my pins
Dr Albright was a marked contrast to her predecessors and male colleagues in uniform suits. She used clothes and jewellery to send tart, political messages. One favourite was a snake brooch, a reference to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein calling her an "unparalleled serpent".
She wrote a book about her signature jewellery, one of several bestsellers, explaining that the pins were a diplomatic tool. Balloons or flower pins would indicate she felt optimistic, while a crab or turtle would indicate frustration.
Dr Albright was born Marie Jana Korbelova in Prague on 15 May 1937. Her family fled in 1939 to London when Germany occupied Czechoslovakia. She attended school in Switzerland at age 10 and adopted the name Madeleine.
She was raised a Roman Catholic but after she became secretary of state, the Washington Post dug up documentation showing that her family was Jewish and relatives, including three grandparents, died in the Holocaust. Her parents likely converted to Catholicism from Judaism to avoid persecution as Nazism gained strength in Europe, the paper reported.
After the war, the family left London and returned to Czechoslovakia, then in the throes of a communist takeover.
Her father, a diplomat and academic who opposed communism, moved the family to the US where he taught international studies at the University of Denver. One of his favourite students was Condoleezza Rice, who would become the second female secretary of state in 2005 under Republican President George W Bush.
"It is quite remarkable that this Czech émigré professor has trained two secretaries of state," Dr Albright told the New York Times in 2006.
Dr Albright attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts, and got a doctorate from Columbia University. She became fluent or close to it in six languages including Czech, French, Polish and Russian as well as English.
In 1959, she married newspaper heir Joseph Medill Patterson Albright, whom she met while working at the Denver Post, and they had three daughters. They divorced in 1982.
She followed her father into academia but also became involved in Democratic politics. Dr Albright joined the staff of Senator Edmund Muskie, a Maine Democrat, in 1976 and two years later became a member of President Jimmy Carter's National Security Council staff.
Since leaving the Clinton administration, she has written a series of books. One of the books, Hell and Other Destinations, was published in April 2020. Others include her autobiography, Madam Secretary: A Memoir (2003) and Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat’s Jewel Box (2009).
The plain-spoken Dr Albright made forays into popular culture. Parks and Recreation star Amy Poehler's character had a picture of Dr Albright in her office.
In the 2005 Gilmore Girls television series the character Rory dreamt that Dr Albright, wearing a red suit and an eagle pin, was her mother.
In 2018, she and fellow former secretaries of state Colin Powell and Hillary Clinton briefed a fictional secretary of state in Madam Secretary, where she spoke passionately about the dangers of abusive nationalism.
