Germany has denounced moves by President Donald Trump to impose tariffs on US metal imports, saying Europe needs a united response to the threat and echoing criticism from China that it risks undermining the global trade system.
Trump set import tariffs on Thursday of 25 per cent on steel and 10 per cent on aluminium, to come into force in 15 days, though Washington opened the way to some exemptions the following day after pressure from allies.
"Trump's policies are putting the order of a free global economy at risk," German Economy Minister Brigitte Zypries told Reuters on Sunday in an emailed statement.
"He does not want to understand its architecture, which is based on a rule-based system of open markets. Anyone, who is questioning this, is jeopardising prosperity, growth and employment."
Hours earlier in Beijing, Chinese Commerce Minister Zhong Shan said any trade war with the United States would only bring disaster to the world economy.
US industries processing steel and aluminium have also criticised the tariffs as landing them with higher costs.
Zypries added that Europe needed to avoid being divided by Trump's offer to exempt some allies such as Mexico, Canada and Australia.
Europe is the biggest exporter of steel to the US, accounting for nearly 5 million tonnes of total annual imports of about 35 million, and Brussels has warned Trump it would impose countermeasures if hit.
But the European Union and Japan on Saturday urged the United States to grant them exemptions, with Tokyo calling for "calm-headed behaviour".
In the event of any EU retaliation, Trump has threatened to also hit Europe's car makers with import tariffs.
Such a move would be particularly harmful for Germany, Europe's largest economy and a cornerstone of its auto industry, since the US is one of its car makers' main markets, and cars and vehicle parts are Germany's biggest source of income for goods exports.
Bernhard Mattes, head of Germany's VDA car association, told Handelsblatt business daily that policymakers must avoid a trade war at all costs, noting that BMW and other German automakers were also among the biggest US exporters in the sector.
European Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager told German newspaper Bild am Sonntag that, if talks to secure exemptions failed, Brussels would impose countermeasures.
"We have been building a global trading system for decades. European prosperity and millions of jobs depend on it - and Europe will not to stand idly by if someone puts the order of free world trade at risk," Vestager added.
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