French President Francois Hollande has met Pope Francis amid a swirling scandal over his love life and deep divisions in France over hot-button issues including abortion, euthanasia and gay marriage.
An embattled Hollande shook hands with a glum-looking Francis at the start of the private audience, and a high-ranking prelate told AFP he expected that there would be "no holds barred" in their conversation.
The Vatican said in a statement after the talks that the two discussed "constructive co-operation for the common good", as well as issues including "family, bioethics and the respect of religious communities".
Hollande said he and Francis had the "same concern" about the status of Christian minorities in the Middle East and he hailed the Pope's "radiant personality".
He also said he had asked the Pope for the Vatican to receive Syria's main opposition group, the Syrian National Coalition, as the first talks between Syria's warring sides in Switzerland got off to a rough start.
"The Geneva II conference should be aimed at transition. We need to do everything to stop the fighting and dispatch humanitarian aid," Hollande said.
Hollande has previously said that the Pope, a "great moral authority", could help "find a political solution" to Syria's devastating civil war.
Security measures for Hollande's visit were stepped up following the explosion just hours before of a small bomb packed with nails and lead pellets, which damaged cars and smashed windows near a French church in Rome.
"There has been no claim of responsibility," a police spokesman said.
Residents in the area said they thought the blast may in fact be linked to a nearby nightclub that they said had mafia ties.
Police bomb disposal experts were called out again later on Friday after receiving an anonymous phone call about a bomb placed under the famous colonnade on St Peter's Square, which turned out to be a false alarm.
In Paris meanwhile an aide to French First Lady Valerie Trierweiler said she would be pressing ahead with a planned visit to India this weekend for a charity effort, although her official status is now unclear.
Trierweiler, 48, has been holed up in a presidential residence in Versailles near Paris following a week-long stay in hospital after revelations about Hollande's tryst with 41-year-old actress Julie Gayet.
Hollande has promised to clarify his partner Trierweiler's official status before his state visit to Washington on February 11.
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