Red and yellow flags have filled the streets of Barcelona as Catalan nationalists fired up by Scotland's independence referendum rallied to demand a vote on breaking away from Spain.
Thousands of people wearing shirts striped with the Catalan colours, some of them also waving blue and white Scottish flags, massed in the sunshine on Thursday at the start of a rally expected to draw half a million demonstrators.
Barcelona city hall estimated 1.8 million people demonstrated there Thursday for Catalonia to vote on independence from Spain, but government officials put the figure at around half a million.
Scotland's September 18 referendum has put the wind in the sails of Catalans who want full sovereignty for their region in the northeast of Spain.
"Now is the time," ran the slogan printed on T-shirts of demonstrators who gathered amid the wail of high-pitched Catalan "grallas" or oboes.
The Scottish vote is due just a week after the most sensitive day of the year for Catalonia: Thursday's "Diada", the annual commemoration that marks its defeat and absorption by Spain.
"If a nation such as Scotland can vote, why not Catalonia?" said the region's president Artur Mas, who has defied Madrid by calling a vote on Catalan independence for November 9.
"If the Catalan population wants to vote on its future, it's practically impossible to stop that forever," he told AFP in an interview on Wednesday.
Demonstrators planned to mass in the late afternoon along two central Barcelona avenues in the shape of a giant letter "V" for vote.
They will also set up 947 symbolic ballot boxes, one for each of Catalonia's municipal districts.
Spain's national government fiercely opposes any move towards independence for Catalonia and has branded Mas's planned vote illegal, and vowed to block it.
Mas responded on Wednesday, saying, "It's absurd to pretend that could be so and I think the Spanish government will have to realise that."
Mas has vowed to pass a regional law that he says will allow him to push ahead with the "consultation" vote, but his efforts risk being thwarted by Spain's Constitutional Court.
The Diada marks what many in the region see as the day they lost their autonomy: September 11, 1714, when Barcelona fell to Spanish and French forces in the War of the Spanish Succession.
Many of Catalonia's 7.5 million inhabitants feel short-changed by the national government in Madrid, which redistributes their taxes.
They want full control of their region with its distinct Catalan language and culture.
Opponents of secession think cutting themselves off from Spain would be an economic disaster, however.
South of Barcelona in the town of Tarragona on Thursday, the Catalan Civil Society movement called for a rival gathering to denounce independence as a "dead end".
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