The 10 lifters, who include seven London medallists in total and a current world champion and who were expected to be medal contenders at the Rio de Janeiro Games in August, have all been provisionally suspended, the IWF said.
Double Olympic champion Ilyin, 28, is to weightlifting what Usain Bolt is to athletics. He has nearly 400,000 followers on social media -- far more than anyone else in the sport -- and has been named male weightlifter of the year four times.
A winner of the sport's leading accolade in 2005, 2006, 2014 and 2015, four-time world champion Ilyin is a national hero and also a personal friend of Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev.
His victory in London followed his triumph in Beijing in 2008. A multiple world record holder, he was confident of winning a third gold, at 105kg, in Rio.
Ilyin, who turned vegetarian and took a break from competition after the London Games, set his latest world records at the President's Cup in Moscow in December. He had never failed a test before.
Of the Kazakh women gold medallists, Chinshanlo, in 2012, and Podobedova, 2010, are both former IWF female weightlifters of the year.
The other 2012 medallists who tested positive were Russian men's 85kg silver medallist Apti Aukhadov and two women's bronze medallists, Ukrainian Yuliya Kalina (58kg) and Belarus's Maryna Shkermankova (69kg).
The reigning women's 58kg world champion Boyanka Kostova, a Bulgarian who now competes for Azerbaijan and finished fifth in London, was also among the positive tests.
Two other athletes from Belarus failed tests -- Yauheni Zharnasek (ninth in the men's +105kg) and Dzina Sazanavets (fourth in the women's 69kg).
All four of Kazakhstan's gold medallists in London are now set to be stripped of their titles.
A call by Reuters to the Kazakhstan National Olympic Committee went unanswered on Wednesday night.
The World Anti-Doping Authority (WDA) carried out the retests on athletes' samples in a range of sports at the 2008 and 2012 Games, after advances in science and detection methods.
"We believe that retrospective testing serves as a strong deterrent to those who may consider cheating," WADA said in a statement.
(Editing by Ian Chadband)
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