The first appearance of self-proclaimed "caliph" Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in a video shot in an Iraqi mosque illustrates the extent of his jihadist group's control and confidence, experts say.
Baghdadi, whose Islamic State (IS) group holds territory in both Iraq and Syria, called for Muslims to "obey" him during the prayer sermon at the Al-Nur mosque in Mosul on Friday, according to the video distributed online the following day.
The appearance was surprising for a militant who cultivated an image of a reclusive battlefield commander.
It is the latest in a series of moves that have brought IS back to prominence after it had been on the ropes - culminating in the offensive it led last month that captured chunks of Iraqi territory.
"Put simply, one of the most wanted men on earth was able to travel into central Mosul and give a 30-minute sermon in the most venerated mosque in the largest city under control of the most notorious jihadist group of our time," said Charles Lister, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Doha Center.
"The fact that Baghdadi has appeared publicly at all in such a central location underlines the extent of confidence felt within his organisation."
The Islamic State spearheaded a Sunni Arab militant offensive that captured Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, on June 10.
The video posted Saturday showed a portly man clad in a long black robe and turban with a thick greying beard - purportedly Baghdadi - addressing worshippers at weekly prayers in central Mosul.
Superimposed text identified the man as "Caliph Ibrahim", the name Baghdadi took when the group on June 29 declared a "caliphate", a pan-Islamic state.
It marked a remarkable turnaround for IS under Baghdadi's leadership.
When he took over the group, then an al-Qaeda affiliate and known as the Islamic State of Iraq, it was believed to be reeling from the US military's "surge" of troops and the decision of Sunni tribal militias to fight alongside American forces.
But it slowly rebuilt its resources and command structure, later capitalising on the chaos caused by the civil war in neighbouring Syria to expand into the country last year.
Baghdadi subsequently cut all ties to al-Qaeda, and his influence now rivals that of the group's global chief, Ayman al-Zawahiri.
His group is known across both Iraq and Syria for its brutality, having executed and crucified its opponents in Syria and carried out bombings across Iraq.
"Everything about the group... has been daring, so it makes sense that Baghdadi would step out of the shadows and into the limelight," said Will McCants, a former counter-terrorism adviser at the US State Department.
"Baghdadi's sermon doesn't make sense from a security perspective but it does make a lot of sense in the context of his competition with al-Qaeda for leadership of the global jihad," said McCants.
The jihadist group has attracted thousands of foreign fighters to its cause, including many from Western countries.
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