Coalition members are seeking an inquiry into the way food is certified as halal.
Halal food has been prepared according to Islamic law, and is free from pork products, alcohol and other specified ingredients.
Companies seeking to label their foods "halal" - an Arabic word for "lawful" - must pay fees to Islamic organisations for inspection and certification.
Recent figures show the halal sector could be worth $1.5 trillion worldwide by 2050.
It's likely to become more of an issue as Australia seeks to kick-start talks on a free trade deal with the Gulf states, as well as boost exports such as meat and processed foods to Southeast Asia.
However, Liberal senator Cory Bernardi said there was a lack of clarity around halal certification.
"I haven't been able to ascertain what the cost of this religious tax is to individual companies or the overall cost to the Australian consumer," Senator Bernardi said in a statement.
"No one has been able to explain why water, milk and cat food need halal certification.
"No one has been able to explain all the groups involved in the certification racket and where the money paid actually ends up."
Liberal National Party MP Bruce Scott, who chairs a parliamentary committee looking at exports to the Middle East, said halal certification was crucial to jobs in rural and regional areas.
He said his coalition colleagues were not opposed to halal certification but wanted to ensure the process was above board.
"The old saying is 'the buyer is always right'. We've got to make sure that we're meeting buyer expectations and requirements for the export into those markets," he told ABC radio.
Australia exports more than $3.4 billion of processed and unprocessed food to the Middle East each year.
