Nations have dragged a deal over the line, paving the way to implement the landmark 2015 Paris climate treaty after marathon UN talks that failed to match the ambition the world's most vulnerable countries need to avert dangerous global warming.
Delegates from nearly 200 states after all-night wrangling finalised a common rule book designed to deliver the Paris goals of limiting global temperature rises to well below two degrees Celsius.
"Putting together the Paris agreement work programme is a big responsibility," COP24 president Michal Kurtyka said as he gavelled through the deal after talks in Poland that ran deep into overtime.
"It has been a long road. We did our best to leave no one behind."
But states already dealing with devastating floods, droughts and extreme weather made worse by climate change said the package agreed in the mining city of Katowice lacked the bold ambition to cut emissions the world needed.
Activists stage a protest during the COP24 UN Climate Change Conference 2018. Source: Getty Images
Egyptian ambassador Wael Aboulmagd, chair of a the G77 & China negotiating bloc, said the rule book saw the "urgent adaptation needs of developing countries relegated to a second-class status."
Executive director of Greenpeace Jennifer Morgan said: "We continue to witness an irresponsible divide between the vulnerable island states and impoverished countries pitted against those who would block climate action or who are immorally failing to act fast enough."
The final decision text was repeatedly delayed as negotiators sought guidelines that could ward off the worst threats posed by our heating planet while protecting the economies of rich and poor nations alike.
"Without a clear rulebook, we won't see how countries are tracking, whether they are actually doing what they say they are doing," Canada's Environment Minister Catherine McKenna told AFP.
At their heart, negotiations were about how each nation funds action to mitigate and adapt to climate change, as well as how those actions are reported.
Developing nations wanted more clarity from richer ones over how the future climate fight will be funded and pushed for so-called "loss and damage" measures.
This would see richer countries giving money now to help deal with the effects of climate change many vulnerable states are already experiencing.
Another contentious issue was the integrity of carbon markets, looking ahead to the day when the patchwork of distinct exchanges -- in China, the Europe Union, parts of the United States -- may be joined up in a global system.
The Paris Agreement calls for setting up a mechanism to guard against practices, such as double counting emissions savings, that could undermine such a market.
British naturalist and TV personality David Attenborough speaks in the opening ceremony of the COP24 summit in Katowice, Poland Source: AAP
A major sticking point, delegates eventually agreed Saturday to kick the issue down the road until next year.
One veteran observer told AFP Poland's presidency at COP24 had left many countries out of the process and presented at-risk nations with a "take it or leave it" deal.
Progress had "been held up by Brazil, when it should have been held up by the small islands. It's tragic."
One of the largest disappointments for countries of all wealths and sizes was the lack of ambition to reduce emissions shown in the final COP24 text.
Most nations wanted the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to form a key part of future planning.
"Putting together the Paris agreement work programme is a big responsibility," COP24 president Michal Kurtyka said as he gavelled through the deal after talks in Poland that ran deep into overtime.
"It has been a long road. We did our best to leave no one behind."
But states already dealing with devastating floods, droughts and extreme weather made worse by climate change said the package agreed in the mining city of Katowice lacked the bold ambition to cut emissions the world needed.
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