Nearly 180 countries, including Australia, have kicked off 10 days of talks aimed at hammering out a landmark global treaty on combating the scourge of plastic pollution.
"We are facing a global crisis," Ecuadoran diplomat Luis Vayas Valdivieso, who is chairing the talks process, said at the start of 10 days of negotiations.
"Plastic pollution is damaging ecosystems, polluting our oceans and rivers, threatening biodiversity, harming human health, and unfairly impacting the most vulnerable," he said.
"The urgency is real, the evidence is clear, and the responsibility is on us."
Three years of negotiations hit a wall in South Korea in December when a group of oil-producing states blocked a consensus.
Since the failure in Busan, countries have been working behind the scenes and are giving it another go in Geneva, in talks at the United Nations.
Key figures steering the negotiations said they were not expecting an easy ride this time round, but insisted a deal remained within reach.
Ecuadoran diplomat Luis Vayas Valdivieso (centre), who is chairing the talks, said plastic pollution was a "global crisis" and countries had a responsibility to address it. Source: AAP / EPA/Salvatore Di Nolfi
UNEP is hosting the talks, and Andersen said conversations across, between and among different regions and interest groups had generated momentum.
"Most countries, actually, that I have spoken with have said: 'We're coming to Geneva to strike the deal'.
"Will it be easy? No. Will it be straightforward? No. Is there a pathway for a deal? Absolutely."
Plastic pollution is so ubiquitous that microplastics have been found on the highest mountain peaks, in the deepest ocean trench and scattered throughout almost every part of the human body.
How did we get here, and what could be different this time?
In 2022, countries agreed they would find a way to address the crisis by the end of 2024. However, the supposedly final round of negotiations on a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the seas, flopped in Busan.
One group of countries sought an ambitious deal to limit production and phase out harmful chemicals.
But a clutch of mostly oil-producing nations rejected production limits and wanted to focus more narrowly on treating waste.
Valdivieso said an effective, fair and ambitious agreement was now within reach.
"Our paths and positions might differ; our destination is the same," he said on Monday ahead of the talks.
"We are all here because we believe in a shared cause: a world free of plastic pollution."
More than 600 non-governmental organisations are attending the Geneva talks.
Valdivieso said lessons had been learned from Busan, and NGOs and civil society would now have access to the discussions tackling the thorniest points, such as banning certain chemicals and capping production.
"To solve the plastic pollution crisis, we have to stop making so much plastic," Greenpeace delegation chief Graham Forbes told Agence France-Presse.
The group and its allies want a treaty "that cuts plastic production, eliminates toxic chemicals, and provides the financing that's going to be required to transition to a fossil fuel, plastic-free future", he said.
Greenpeace and its allies want a treaty that cuts plastic production and eliminates toxic chemicals. Source: AAP / EPA/Salvatore Di Nolfi
How much plastic waste is produced every year?
Well over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced globally each year, half of which is for single-use items.
While 15 per cent of plastic waste is collected for recycling, only 9 per cent is actually recycled.
Nearly half, 46 per cent, ends up in landfills, while 17 per cent is incinerated and 22 per cent is mismanaged and becomes litter.
A report in The Lancet medical journal warned on Monday that plastic pollution was a "grave, growing and under-recognised danger" to health, costing the world at least US$1.5 trillion ($2.31 trillion) a year in health-related economic losses.
The new review of existing evidence, conducted by leading health researchers and doctors, compared plastic to air pollution and lead, saying its impact on health could be mitigated by laws and policies.
To hammer home the message, a replica outside the UN of Auguste Rodin's famous sculpture The Thinker will be slowly submerged in mounting plastic rubbish during the talks.
More than 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced globally each year. Source: AAP / AP/Salvatore Di Nolfi
"If you want to protect health, then we need to think about the toxic chemicals that are entering our environment," he told Agence France-Presse.
But Matthew Kastner, spokesman for the American Chemistry Council, said the plastics industry and the products it makes were "vital to public health", notably through medical devices, surgical masks, child safety seats, helmets and pipes delivering clean water.
