Russia's state gas giant Gazprom says it may halt shipments to Ukraine in a repeat of previous energy wars that hit Europe.
Gazprom chief executive Alexei Miller said on Monday Russia's crisis-torn neighbour must pay upfront for its June deliveries because of debts totalling $US3.51 billion ($A3.80 billion).
Kiev had until the morning of June 3 to make the payment "or Ukraine will receive zero cubic metres (of gas) in June," he added.
Miller's comments - made during a meeting with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev - marked a sharp escalation in a trade war European Union officials have urgently tried to avert without success.
Ukraine has refused to cover its obligations in protest over Moscow's decision to nearly double the price it charges Kiev for gas imports following the February overthrow of its Kremlin-backed regime.
Nearly 15 per cent of all gas consumed in Europe is delivered from Russia via Ukraine.
The danger for EU nations is that Ukraine - its state coffers effectively empty and almost completely reliant on $US17 billion promised by the International Monetary Fund - will not cover its debt and instead start taking the gas Russia had earmarked for its European clients.
The nation of 46 million began dipping into supplies meant for Europe when it was cut off from Russian gas during previous price disputes in 2006 and 2009.
Miller's comments came shortly after Russia's deputy energy minister stepped up the rhetoric by noting Moscow saw no point in discussing the dispute until Kiev began paying its debts.
"We are saying that in order to discuss any sort of compromise, the debts must be paid first," news agencies quoted Russia's Deputy Energy Minister Anatoly Yanovsky as saying.
"Pay the debts and then we can agree on something."
Ukraine's Finance Minister Oleksandr Shlapak said earlier on Monday Kiev was willing to cover its outstanding payment to Moscow as soon as Russia lowered its price.
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