Russian athletes had the highest number of anti-doping rule violations (ADRVs) in 2015, with Italy second and India third, the World Anti-Doping Agency has revealed in its third annual report.
The Russian federation had 176 ADRVs, Italy 129 and India 117 under the revised world anti-doping code.
Australia was in the middle of the spectrum on 23, with violations found rugby league (5), Australian rules football (2), body building (7), rugby union (3) and weightlifting (2).
Baseball, field hockey, powerlifting and table tennis in Australia recorded one ADVR each.
France was fourth on the list with 84, with Belgium (67), South Africa (59), Turkey (59), South Korea (51), the United States (50) and Iran (48) making up the top 10.
New Zealand had 10 violations.
Bodybuilding was the sport with the most drug cases in 2015, with 270, with athletics (242) second and weightlifting (239) third.
Cycling was fourth with 200, with powerlifting (110), football (108), rugby union (80), boxing (66), wrestling (57) and basketball (39) completing the rest of the top 10.
The report dealt with 1929 rule violations in total, involving individuals from 122 nationalities and across 85 sports.
Adverse analytical findings (positive tests) accounted for 1649 violations, while the other 280 came from "evidence-based intelligence" non-analytical findings.
The increased figure WADA said was "in line with the anti-doping movement's increased focus on investigations, intelligence-gathering and whistleblowing".
"What is particularly striking about this 2015 ADRVs report is we are beginning to see the first signs of the impact of the revised code, in particular a significant increase in intelligence-based anti-doping rule violations," WADA president Craig Reedie said in a statement.
"(It is) an area of greater focus for the agency as we strengthen our investigations and intelligence-gathering capacity.
"While testing remains vital to detecting doping, recent events have shown that investigative work is becoming ever more important as we look to protect clean athletes' rights worldwide."
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