Dyatchin's A sample, taken on June 30 last year, showed he had taken something illegal, the Russian anti-doping agency RUSADA said on Thursday, without specifying the banned substance.
His suspension has been backdated, beginning on July 4, the agency said on its website (www.rusada.ru).
The 32-year old, however, immediately announced his retirement from the sport.
"I will not compete again of course. I will concentrate on organising events," Dyatchin, won gold in the 10km open water races at the world championships in Barcelona in 2003 and Melbourne in 2007, told the R-Sport news agency.
He finished seventh at the London Olympics in 2012.
(Editing by Amlan Chakraborty)
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