Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, who emerged as a combative anti-apartheid campaigner during Nelson Mandela's decades in jail but whose reputation was later tainted by allegations of violence, died on Monday in a Johannesburg hospital.
In a statement, her family said she had "fought valiantly against the Apartheid state" and that she was known "far and wide as the Mother of the Nation".
Winnie Mandela, who was married to Nelson Mandela for 38 years, played a high-profile role in the struggle to end white-minority rule, but her place in history was stained by controversy and accusations of violence.
Winnie Mandela with her former husband Nelson Mandela at a rally in Soweto, South Africa in 1990. Source: AAP
Leading the tributes, anti-apartheid campaigner and Nobel laureate Desmond Tutu described her as "a defining symbol" of the battle against oppression.
"She refused to be bowed by the imprisonment of her husband, the perpetual harassment of her family by security forces, detentions, bannings and banishment," Tutu said.
Winnie was a voice of defiance and resistance. In the face of exploitation, she was a champion of justice and equality.
"Her courageous defiance was deeply inspirational to me, and to generations of activists."
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa said she was a "voice of defiance" against white-minority rule.
"Winnie was a voice of defiance and resistance. In the face of exploitation, she was a champion of justice and equality," he said in a televised address, adding that she "was an abiding symbol of the desire of our people to be free".
Hamba kahle Mama Winnie Madikizela-Mandela : Foundation mourns the passing away of #WinnieMandela@WinnieMandelahttps://t.co/QZJhU6NZk2#HambaKahlepic.twitter.com/68JURGzZvE
— NelsonMandela (@NelsonMandela) April 2, 2018
The statement from her family said that she passed away at the Netcare Milpark hospital in Johannesburg.
"She died after a long illness, for which she had been in and out of hospital since the start of the year. She succumbed peacefully in the early hours of Monday afternoon surrounded by her family and loved ones," it added.
In the ruling African National Congress (ANC), head of policy Jeff Radebe described her as "an icon of the revolutionary struggle."
Lives apart
Most of Winnie's marriage to Nelson was spent apart, with Nelson imprisoned for 27 years, leaving her to raise their two daughters alone and to keep alive his political dream under the repressive white-minority regime.
Nelson Mandela and wife Winnie, walk hand in hand, raising their clenched fists upon his release from Victor prison, Cape Town, after 27 years in detention. Source: AAP
But her reputation came under damaging scrutiny in the twilight years of apartheid rule.
In 1986, she was widely linked to "necklacing", when suspected traitors were burnt alive by a petrol-soaked car tyre being put over their head and set alight.
In 1990 the world watched when Nelson Mandela finally walked out of prison - hand in hand with Winnie.
The following year, she was convicted of kidnapping and assault over the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, a 14-year-old boy.
In 1992, the Mandelas separated, and then divorced in 1996, after a legal wrangle that revealed she had had an affair with a young bodyguard.
Revered in old age
During her old age, she re-emerged as a respected elder who was feted as a living reminder of the late Mandela and of the long campaign against apartheid.
Just last month, she was shown in television footage joking with Cyril Ramaphosa, the newly-appointed president who paid a courtesy call to her home in Soweto, the township where she lived for decades.
During December's ANC conference Winnie Mandela hugs Cyril Ramaphosa and then-President Jacob Zuma, left. Source: AAP
Dressed in full ANC colours of yellow, black and green, she asked Ramaphosa, who is known for his morning runs, "Why don't you get tired?"
"We can't get tired when you have given us work to do‚" Ramaphosa said, paying fulsome praise to her appearance.
She had also expressed support for the current leadership of the ANC party - which her husband led to power in the euphoric post-apartheid elections of 1994.
The SABC state broadcaster said she had attended church in Soweto on Easter Friday before being admitted to hospital complaining of flu. She had also suffered from diabetes for some years.
Suggestions that Winnie remained extremely close to Nelson Mandela in his final years were fuelled in a recent book by his doctor.
Vejay Ramlakan wrote that Winnie - not Mandela's widow Graca Machel - was with Mandela when he died in 2013. The book was withdrawn by its publishers under pressure from Mandela's family.
