Spain has issued an arrest warrant on sedition and other charges for former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont, who went to Brussels after his government was sacked following a declaration of independence.
A Madrid High Court judge on Friday asked Belgium to arrest Puigdemont and four associates after they ignored a court order to return to Spain on Thursday to answer charges of rebellion, sedition, misuse of public funds, disobedience and breach of trust relating to their secessionist campaign.
The judge rejected a request from the former Catalan leader, who is considering standing in a snap election in Catalonia next month, to testify via video link from Belgium.
Puigdemont has said he did not trust Spanish justice but would co-operate with the Belgian courts. Belgium will have a maximum of three months to decide whether to send him back to Spain.
On Thursday, nine members of Puigdemont's sacked cabinet were ordered by the High Court to be held in custody pending an investigation and potential trial.
"We consider ourselves a legitimate government," Puigdemont told Belgian state television RTBF on Friday.
"There must be a continuity to tell the world what's going on in Spain.... It's not with a government in jail that the elections will be neutral, independent, normal."
"...I am ready to be a candidate... it's possible to run a campaign from anywhere," he added, referring to the election called by authorities in Madrid when Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy took over Catalonia.
In protest at the jailings, Catalan civic groups Asamblea Nacional Catalana and Omnium Cultural, whose leaders were imprisoned last month on sedition charges,called for a general strike on November 8 and a mass demonstration on November 11 .
Another six Catalan leaders are due to testify on November 9 on the same charges.
One member of the dismissed cabinet, Santi Vila, was released after paying bail of 50,000 euros ($A78,000) on Friday. The other eight were not given bail and could remain in custody for up to four years.
Vila stepped down from the Catalan cabinet before Friday's independence declaration, and while he remains a supporter of secession he has been advocating a negotiated solution with the central government.
The detention of the secessionist leaders and Puigdemont's flight to Belgium have given a new boost to the secessionist camp after cracks appeared in its ranks.
Thousands of people staged pro-independence protests on Thursday night in several Catalan towns, and parties forming the current coalition Junts Pel Si (Together For Yes) are pushing to run again on a joint ticket at the December 21 election.
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