Edith Windsor, the New York woman whose successful challenge to a federal law that defined marriage as between one man and one woman helped pave the way for gay marriage nationwide, has died.
Her death at the age of 88 on Tuesday, was announced by her wife, Judith Kasen-Windsor, and lawyer Roberta Kaplan.
The 2013 US Supreme Court ruling in United States v Windsor, which struck down the core of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, was credited with laying the groundwork for the court's 2015 ruling in another case that legalised same-sex marriage.
"I lost my beloved spouse Edie, and the world lost a tiny but tough as nails fighter for freedom, justice and equality. Edie was the light of my life," said Kasen-Windsor, who married Windsor last year.
In a statement, former President Barack Obama said he spoke with Windsor a few days ago and told her again how important her work had been to the country.
"America's long journey towards equality has been guided by countless small acts of persistence, and fuelled by the stubborn willingness of quiet heroes to speak out for what's right," he said. "Few were as small in stature as Edie Windsor - and few made as big a difference to America."
The case, which made Windsor a revered figure in the modern gay rights movement, originally stemmed from a tax dispute. Windsor, a former IBM consultant known as "Edie", and Thea Spyer, a psychologist, met in the 1960s in a New York restaurant and spent four decades engaged to be married before they finally tied the knot in Canada in 2007.
Spyer died in 2009. Under the Defense of Marriage Act, same-sex marriages were not federally recognised, depriving Windsor of an estate-tax break afforded to heterosexual surviving spouses.
The Supreme Court's Windsor decision applied to gay marriages only in the 13 states that permitted them at the time. In the ensuing months, the central reasoning of the case was cited by courts in several states that found gay marriage bans unlawful.
In 2015, the Supreme Court declared that same-sex marriage was protected by the Constitution.
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