Tens of thousands of pro-democracy protesters have massed close to Thailand's Grand Palace in a huge rally calling for Prime Minister Prayut Chan-O-Cha to step down and demanding reforms to the monarchy.
The kingdom has seen near-daily gatherings of youth-led groups since mid-July calling for the resignation of Mr Prayut, the former army chief behind the 2014 coup, and a complete overhaul of his administration.
Some are also demanding reforms to Thailand's ultra-wealthy and powerful monarchy - a once-taboo topic in the country due to its tough royal defamation laws.
The burgeoning movement, partly inspired by Hong Kong's pro-democracy protests, remains largely leaderless.
But this weekend's demonstration was organised by students of Bangkok's Thammasat University - a group that has been among the most vocal about the royal family's role in Thailand.
Human rights lawyer Anon Numpa, who has emerged as one of the key figures in the movement, took a stronger line on monarchical reform in a fiery speech late Saturday night.
"My knee will never kneel for dictatorship," he shouted, reiterating the protesters' calls for the royal family to stay outside of the kingdom's politics.
His speech was met with cheers from the crowd, who by nightfall had gathered at the historic Sanam Luang field in front of the Grand Palace.
"Today is one of the turning points in Thai history," protester Patipat, a 29-year-old history teacher in the crowd who declined to give a full name, told AFP.
Bangkok authorities estimated more than 18,000 at Saturday's demonstration, though organisers claimed a much higher turnout. AFP reporters on the ground estimated a crowd size closer to 30,000.
This would make it one of the largest gatherings the kingdom has seen since the 2014 coup.
Waving a three-fingered salute taken from the Hunger Games film trilogy, protesters huddled under a sea of umbrellas to shield from rain, their glowing smartphones bobbing in the darkness above the 12-hectare grassy field.
"We will not stop until we have monarchy reform," said fellow activist Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul, who insisted their aim is not to abolish it - but to "adapt it to society".
Around 10,000 uniformed and plainclothes police patrolled the area as the crowd grew through the day.
Some protesters wore fake crowns, while a group carried a cardboard model of a submarine to symbolise their displeasure over military spending.
"People can protest, but peacefully and within the law," said government spokesman Anucha Burapachaisri, declining to comment further.
Demonstrators vowed to continue rallying overnight at Sanam Luang, where Mr Anon said they will place a replica at dawn of a small bronze plaque commemorating the end of royal absolutism in 1932.
The original was embedded in the ground of Bangkok's Royal Plaza for decades before it mysteriously vanished in 2017 - which activists say is emblematic of a wider whitewashing of Thai political history.
Pro-democracy test
Since 1932, Thailand has seen a cycle of violent protests and coups, with the military stepping in to stage more than a dozen putsches - often in the name of protecting the unassailable monarchy.
The latest wave of student-led demonstrations has largely been peaceful.
But unprecedented calls for frank discussions about the royal family have sent shock waves through the kingdom.
King Maha Vajiralongkorn sits at the apex of Thai power, buttressed by the kingdom's military and billionaire clans, and commands an estimated fortune of up to $80 billion.
The student demands include greater accounting of the palace's finances, the abolition of royal defamation laws and for the king to stay out of politics.
They also want a rewrite of the 2017 military-scripted constitution, which they say tilted last year's election in Mr Prayut's favour, and for the government to stop "harassing" political opponents.
So far, authorities have arrested more than two dozen activists, including Mr Anon, charging them with sedition before releasing them on bail.
The weekend demonstrations will prove a test for the pro-democracy movement, analysts say, who question if its support base will grow beyond the social media-savvy youth.
Thammasat University, where protesters gathered Saturday, has long been a hotbed of student activism.
Pro-democracy protesters from an LGBTQI group hold signs during an anti-government protest at the Royal Grounds of Sanam Luang in Bangkok, Thailand. Source: EPA
In 1976 students at the university protesting the return of a military dictator were shot, beaten to death and lynched by state forces and royalist mobs.
Mr Prayut has vowed authorities would use "soft measures" on the protesters "because they are children".
Demonstrators gathered in Tokyo, Stockholm, and Taipei Saturday in solidarity with the Bangkok protesters, with further rallies planned in the United States and France.
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