Australia's new laws banning children under 16 from social media are reshaping international debate, attracting interest from European regulators while drawing resistance from major United States technology firms.
The legislation, which comes into force today, requires platforms including TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Reddit to take reasonable steps to block children from accessing their services or face fines of up to $49.5 million per breach.
Meta has already started deleting hundreds of thousands of under-age accounts in response.
While the policy is domestic in scope, its diplomatic implications appear to be far-reaching, as foreign governments and industry bodies assess what Australia’s approach signals about its regulatory direction and global positioning.
Europe tracks Australia's lead
Across Europe, governments and institutions are tightening restrictions on children’s social media use, with Australia’s laws increasingly viewed as a reference point.
Denmark has pledged to restrict under-15s from social media without parental consent, while France, Italy, Spain and Norway are all advancing similar policies.
At the EU level, the European Commission is developing a regional age-verification app with five member states to allow users to verify their age without handing personal data directly to platforms. Though critics have pointed out the policies wouldn't be binding like Australia's.
European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen has publicly welcomed Australia's approach as "plain common sense".
"We all agree that young people should reach a certain age before they smoke, drink, or access adult content. The same can be said for social media," she said.
Senior lecturer and researcher in communications at Edith Cowan University, Catherine Archer, said the Albanese government is likely celebrating the international recognition it has attracted.
"As we all know, they went to the United Nations with this and made quite a strong stand on it," she said.
"It's the populist move — the majority of adults agree with it."
Polling indicates that most Australian adults support the ban. However, a Resolve Political Monitor survey for the Nine newspapers found that only about 35 per cent of respondents were confident social media companies could effectively block users under 16, and fewer than one in three believed the ban would be fully enforced.
While the shift has improved Australia's standing with liberal progressive audiences in parts of Europe, it has weakened its reputation among others, according to Charles Miller, a senior lecturer in the the Australian National University's School of Politics and International Relations.
"It does draw the ire of many libertarian and American conservatives, especially around the tech industry."
US tech giants push back
The strongest opposition to the ban has come from the United States technology sector, where industry groups representing Meta, Netflix, Disney, Alphabet and others have lodged formal complaints with the US Trade Representative.
"The Elon Musk's and the Peter Thiels of the tech world who have the ear of the Trump administration — they do not like this at all and I think it's [been] underestimated how much it could actually become a problem for relations between Australia and the United States," Miller said.
The US-based Computer & Communications Industry Association has raised "serious concerns for industry about freedom of expression and information," saying such a framework "risks applying disproportionate penalties to US firms, while overbroad and blanket restrictions could stifle creativity".
While Archer said those arguments reflect the commercial interests at stake, she acknowledged that the ban could excessively restrict how young people access news and participate in civic life.
"[People under 16] largely get their information through social media … That's been an avenue that they have been able to use and that's not going to be open to them in as much detail or depth as it has been," she said.
The lobby group also criticised Australia's new streaming investment rules, which will require major platforms to spend either 10 per cent of local expenditure or 7.5 per cent of Australian revenue on Australian-made programs.
Another US lobby body, the International Intellectual Property Alliance, said there was "no evidence" the Australian market required intervention to sustain local production.
The government has described the social media ban as a world first.
"In one week, Australia will become the first country in the world to ban under 16’s from having social media accounts," communications minister Annika Wells told the National Press Club last week.
"With one law, we can protect Generation Alpha from being sucked into purgatory by predatory algorithms described by the man who created the feature as 'behavioural cocaine.'
"Through one reform, more kids will have their time back to learn an instrument or a language, or walk their dog, master a torpedo punt or the perfect lob pass."
Security, culture politics and the alliance with Washington
The fallout from Australia's social media ban is now intersecting with shifts in United States security thinking, where cultural and speech regulation is increasingly being treated as a strategic issue, experts say.
Miller pointed to the recently released US national security strategy, which he said contains significant "culture war content", despite its traditional focus on military threat.
"Although you would think it's security in terms of missiles, guns, bombs and military aggression, you actually find that there's an awful lot in it which might be described as culture war content," he said.
One example is the way the strategy frames European content regulation as a free speech threat.
"The document advocates for the United States to pull away from Europe because of what they describe as European countries infringing on freedom of speech," he said, citing restrictions on social media content and Brussels' recent fining of X, which Musk owns.
While those issues may appear distant from conventional security concerns, Miller said they now carry strategic weight within the Trump administration and the US tech sector.
"It seems rather strange to us that they would become security issues," he said, "but in the mindset of the Trump administration — and especially its supporters in the tech industry — they actually can become a problem for security relations as well."
He said there was no current indication the Australian ban itself had become a flashpoint in the alliance.
"But similar policies pursued by European countries are now finding their way into the rhetoric of American policymakers towards Europe," he added, warning the same dynamics could eventually extend to Australia.
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