The UN's top court told Myanmar on Thursday to take urgent steps to prevent the alleged genocide of the Buddhist nation's minority Rohingya Muslims.
The order was the first time that Myanmar has faced justice over a 2017 military crackdown that sent around 740,000 Rohingya fleeing into neighbouring Bangladesh.
The International Court of Justice in The Hague granted a series of emergency steps requested by the mainly Muslim African state of The Gambia under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Presiding judge Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf said Myanmar must "take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of all acts" described by the convention.
An exhausted Rohingya helps an elderly family member in 2017 as they arrive at refugee camp after crossing from Myanmar to Bangladesh. Source: AAP
These included "killing members of the group" and "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part".
He added that the "court was of the opinion that the Rohingya in Myanmar remain extremely vulnerable".
The court ordered Myanmar to report back within four months, and then every six months after that.
The Gambia asked for the measures pending a full case that could take years.
The court - set up after World War II as the UN's top judicial organ to rule in disputes between nations - had earlier ruled for the first time that it had jurisdiction in the case.
Myanmar's civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi travelled to The Hague in December to personally defend her country against allegations of widespread rape, arson and mass killings.
The ICJ's orders are binding but it has no power to enforce them. However the "significance... shouldn't be written off," said Cecily Rose, assistant professor in international law at Leiden University in the Netherlands.
"The court's orders and judgments tend to carry relatively great authority or legitimacy. Even though the situation in Myanmar is highly political and fragile, international law still plays a role by informing decision-making among international actors," she told AFP.
Myanmar, however, remained defiant, with its foreign ministry insisting after the ruling that "there was no genocide in Rakhine".
"The unsubstantiated condemnation of Myanmar by some human rights actors has presented a distorted picture of the situation," it said in a statement, adding that Thursday's decision "in no way prejudges" the longer-term legal case.
'Violent acts'
The ruling comes days after a Myanmar commission concluded that some soldiers likely committed war crimes against the minority group but that the military was not guilty of genocide.
In a rare joint statement Wednesday, more than 100 Myanmar civil society organisations expressed support for the ICJ case.
They said Myanmar's internal judiciary was incapable of assuring accountability and simply enabled the perpetrators to "continue to carry out such violent acts with impunity".
The military dodged questions in the capital Naypyidaw on Thursday morning, with a spokesman telling reporters it would simply "follow the instructions of the government".
Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi addresses judges of the International Court of Justice. Source: AAP
The Gambia brought the case with the backing of the 57-nation Organisation for Islamic Cooperation. Canada and the Netherlands have since also lent their support.
Nobel peace laureate Ms Suu Kyi did not attend Thursday's ruling, where Myanmar was represented by Minister of the Office of the State Counsellor Kyaw Tint Swe.
In The Hague in December, Ms Suu Kyi defended the military that once kept her locked up, arguing that her country was capable of investigating any allegations of abuse and warned that the case could reignite the crisis.
On Monday a Myanmar-appointed "Independent Commission of Enquiry" went the furthest that any investigation by the country has gone so far in accepting that atrocities occurred.
The panel said some security personnel had used disproportionate force and committed war crimes and serious human rights violations, including the "killing of innocent villagers and destruction of their homes".
But it said there was "insufficient evidence" of genocide.
