Our research, published in the journal BMJ Open, found that while every baby is different, some factors increase the likelihood new mothers will experience difficulties with early parenting. These include the mother’s mental health, birth intervention or emergencies during labour, and lack of support.
Australia has a unique health system
More than 30 per cent of new mothers in Australia report severe problems getting their baby to sleep and settle. This often results in exhaustion, and poorer mental and physical health.
Poor physical and mental health during pregnancy and after birth can also have significant short- and longer-term impacts on the health and development of the child. So treatment is vital.
Australia has a unique health system in place to support new parents who struggle to cope and their babies, including residential parenting services – sometimes referred to as “sleep schools” – such as Tresillian in New South Wales and Tweddle Child and Family Health Service in Victoria.
These services provide structured programs to help develop parenting skills. Parents attend and stay in the facility for three to four days and are guided through sleep, settling and feeding skills and strategies.
These services are mostly publicly funded and there are often waiting lists due to high demand.
Our research
We studied why some women and their partners end up requiring admission to residential parenting services in the first year after birth.
We looked at all births in NSW over 12 years and randomly analysed 300 medical records from women and babies who had a stay in residential parenting services in NSW. We then did in-depth interviews with women who used the services and focus groups with staff who worked there.
The primary reason women sought support in residential parenting services was for sleep and settling (83 per cent).
During their stay, women used a number of services, including social workers (44 per cent), psychologists (52 per cent) and psychiatrists (4.5 per cent).
Intervention in birth can leave women with negative feelings about the birth, leading to struggles with early parenting and depression. This can alter the way women engage with their baby, which can impact on the baby’s development.
One in ten women said they had mental health issues related to the birth and many were traumatised by their births, especially where unexpected intervention had occurred, such as a caesarean section, forceps or vacuum, or the baby needing resuscitation or intensive care.
Around one in three babies (36 per cent) admitted to residential parenting services had a history of reflux. We have found a strong link between reflux and intervention in birth, babies being born early and maternal mental health issues, particularly anxiety.
We also found women admitted to the service were more likely to:
- be admitted as a private patient
- be born in Australia
- have had their first baby
- have experienced intervention during the labour and birth (induction, forceps or vacuum birth, caesarean section, epidural and episiotomy)
- have twins
- have a boy
- have a baby who needed to be resuscitated at birth, go to intensive care, or who experienced birth trauma (particularly to the scalp)
- be aged in their 30s
- have little support.
How the health system can support new parents
Screening and support for psychological and social vulnerabilities needs to be routine.
Depending on the state or territory, most women in the public sector receive a “psychosocial” assessment from midwives when they first book in for care during pregnancy and again from child and family health services after they have had the baby. This screens for depression, anxiety, childhood abuse, domestic violence, support and stress.
But this is still not done routinely in the private sector where 25 per cent of women give birth. This urgently needs to be prioritised, so all women can receive appropriate support.
Women need support to prepare for birth, which may include having a birth plan and quality childbirth education. This gives couples tools to manage the pain of labour, avoid unnecessary intervention and prepare for parenthood.
They also need health providers they know and trust. Women who have a midwife they know through the pregnancy, birth and postnatal period have fewer interventions, better outcomes and greater satisfaction than those who are allotted whoever is on duty that day.
Relationship-based care gives women the opportunity to discuss what happened afterwards and debrief.
It takes a village to raise a child
Parents have lost the village it takes to raise a child and increasingly feel isolated and unsupported.
We need to have conversations with parents about how important this village will become and to start putting this support in place before the baby comes. This may be moving closer to your parents, finding a good parenting network, connecting with positive online support networks, and not feeling pressured to go back to work before you’re ready.
Sharing the parenting and work arrangements as a couple can also help.
Hannah Dahlen is a professor of midwifery and higher degree director, Western Sydney University.
Cathrine Fowler is a professor & Tresillian Chair in child & family health, faculty of nursing, midwifery & health, University of Technology Sydney.
Virginia Schmied is a professor, school of nursing and midwifery, Western Sydney University
