Warning: this article contains distressing material and the name of an Aboriginal person who has passed. It discusses self-harm and suicide.
Zoo animals are treated better than an Indigenous teenager held in a cell for 22 hours a day in a troubled wing of an adult prison without water before he fatally self-harmed, his outraged family says.
Cleveland Dodd, 16, was found unresponsive inside a cell in Unit 18, a youth wing of the high-security Casuarina Prison facility for adults in Perth, in the early hours of October 12, 2023.
The Yamatji teenager was taken to hospital in a critical condition and died a week later, causing outrage and grief in the community.
A lawyer for Cleveland's mother Nadene Dodd was scathing of the care provided to the teenager by justice department staff, as he gave submissions to the Western Australian Coroner's Court on Monday.
"Cleveland was subjected to institutional abuse, cruel and inhumane treatment," Steven Penglis told the inquest.
The teen spent more than 22 hours a day in his cell for 74 of the 86 days he was detained in Unit 18 before he self-harmed, he said.
Over that period, he had four hours of recreation time, equating to about three minutes a day.
His cell had no running water and in the hours before he was fatally injured he asked for water six times, Mr Penglis said as he recapped evidence heard during the inquest that started in April 2024.
Better conditions in a zoo
Cleveland's grandmother Roslyn Sullivan said animals were treated better than her grandson was as a Unit 18 detainee.
"You get treated more better if you're in the zoo," she said outside court.
"No running water, no tap to wash his hands, no tap to wash his body.
"That place shouldn't have even been there."
Cleveland threatened to self-harm eight times and requested medical attention.
The teen's actions were the conclusion of a series of events, including being denied bail, a failed attempt to call his mother on her birthday and severe, untreated dental issues, Mr Penglis said.
"Cleveland's death was preventable and predictable," he said.
Inhumane treatment
Nadene Dodd described her son's treatment as "horrific neglect" and inhumane.
"It was both barbarous and criminal," she said outside the court.
"If people are not held to lawful account, then justice will have been denied."
Aboriginal Legal Service lawyer Julian McMahon said the inquest revealed there was a readiness across all levels of the justice department to accept the unacceptable.
"What happened at Unit 18 was horrific," he said in his submissions.
There was an "epidemic of self-harm" among a cohort of mostly Aboriginal children, he said.
"By self-harm, I mean attempted suicide," Mr McMahon said.
There had been at least 17 self-harm threats in the 24 hours before Cleveland fatally injured himself, he said.
Lawyers for senior justice department staff said their clients shouldn't be subject to adverse findings, including former director general Adam Tomison.
How the facility was run wasn't his responsibility and Corrective Services staff should have followed policy, lawyer Jerome Allan said
Dr Tomison previously agreed children had been subject to appalling, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment in Unit 18 under his watch.
The justice department apologised to Cleveland's family and said there were many issues in Unit 18 in 2023, including damaged infrastructure, excessive detainee confinement and staff shortages.
On the night Cleveland self-harmed, he was not properly supervised and should have been given more water, lawyer Tim Russell said.
"More should have been done," he said.
But the department did not accept Unit 18 was unfit for youth detainees.
The inquest previously heard Cleveland self-harmed about 1.35am and paramedics arrived at 2.06am, but did not get access to him for nine minutes.
Cleveland died, surrounded by his family, on October 19, 2023.
The Coroner is expected to hand down findings later today, July 1.
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